How People Learn:
  Brain, Mind, Experience, and School


 

BOX 9.6 Monsters, Mondrian, and Me

As part of the Challenge 2000 Multimedia Project, elementary teachers Lucinda Surber, Cathy Chowenhill, and Page McDonald teamed up to design and execute an extended collaboration between fourth-grade classes at two elementary schools. In a unit they called "Monsters, Mondrian, and Me," students were directed to describe a picture so well in an e-mail message that their counterparts in the other classroom could reproduce it. The project illustrates how telecommunication can both make clear the need for clear, precise writing and provide a forum for feedback from peers.

     During the Monster phase of the project, students in the two classes worked in pairs first to invent and draw monsters (such as "Voyager 999," "Fat Belly," and "Bug Eyes") and then to compose paragraphs describing the content of their drawings (e.g., "Under his body he has four purple legs with three toes on each one"). Their goal was to provide a complete and clear enough description that students in the other class could reproduce the monster without ever having seen it. The descriptive paragraphs were exchanged through electronic mail, and the matched student pairs made drawings based on their understanding of the descriptions.

     The final step of this phase involved the exchange of the "second-generation drawings" so that the students who had composed the descriptive paragraphs could reflect on their writing, seeing where ambiguity or incomplete specification led to a different interpretation on the part of their readers.

     The students executed the same steps of writing, exchange of paragraphs, drawing, and reflection, in the Mondrian stage, this time starting with the art of abstract expressionists such as Mondrian, Klee, and Rothko. In the Me stage, students studied self-portraits of famous painters and then produced portraits of themselves, which they attempted to describe with enough detail so that their distant partners could produce portraits matching their own.

     By giving students a distant audience for their writing (their partners at the other school), the project made it necessary for students to say everything in writing, without the gestures and oral communication that could supplement written messages within their own classroom. The pictures that their partners created on the basis of their written descriptions gave these young authors tangible feedback regarding the completeness and clarity of their writing.

     The students' reflections revealed developing insights into the multiple potential sources for miscommunication:

Maybe you skipped over another part, or maybe it was too hard to understand.
The only thing that made it not exactly perfect was our mistake. . . . . We said, "Each square is down a bit, " What we should have said was, "Each square is all the way inside the one before it, " or something like that.
I think I could have been more clear on the mouth. I should have said that it was closed. I described it [as if it were] open by telling you I had no braces or retainers.

     The electronic technologies that students used in this project were quite simple (word processors, e-mail, scanners). The project's sophistication lies more in its structure, which required students to focus on issues of audience understanding and to make translations across different media (words and pictures), potentially increasing their understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each.

     The students' artwork, descriptive paragraphs, and reflections are available on a project website at http://www.pausd.palo-alto.ca.us/barron/mmm/mmm.html.

 


  John D. Bransford,
  Ann L. Brown, and
  Rodney R. Cocking, editors
  Committee on Developments
  in the Science of Learning
  Commission on Behavioral
  and Social Sciences and Education
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