- James L. Peacock and A. Thomas Kirsch, The Human
Direction: An Evolutionary Approach to Social and Cultural Anthropology.
New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, p.100.
- Alfred L. Kroeber, "Totem and Taboo in Retrospect."
American Journal of Sociology 55(1939): 446.
- Warner Muensterberger, "On the Biopsychological
Determinants of Social Life." In Warner Muensterberger, ed.,
Man and His Culture: Psychoanalytic Anthropology After "Totem
and Taboo." London: Rapp & Whiting, 1969, p.35.
- Emile Durkheim, Incest: The Nature and Origin
of the Taboo. New York: Lyle Stuart,
1963 (1898); Edward Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage.
London: Macmillan, 1921 (1894).
- George Peter Murdock, Social Structure. New York:
Macmillan Co., 1947, p.13.
- Talcott Parson, cited in Blair Justice and Rita
Justice, The Broken Taboo: Sex in the Family. New York: Human
Sciences Press, 1979, p.37.
- Leslie White, cited in ibid, p.36.
- Claude Levi-Strauss, The Elementary Structures
of Kinship. London: Eyne and Spottiswoode, 1969, p.41.
- A historical survey of the huge literature on
incest taboos can be obtained from Robin Fox, The Red Lamp of
incest. New York: Button, 1980; W. Arens, The Original Sin: Incest
and Its Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936; and David
H. Spain, "Incest Theory: Are There Three Aversions?"
The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1988): 235-253. Arens alone is
clear about the lack of study of incest itself.
- John M. Goggin and William C. Sturtevant, "The
Calusa: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (with Notes on Sibling
Marriage)." In Ward H. Goodenough, Ed., Essays in Honor of
George Peter Murdock. New York: Mcgraw Hill, 1964, pp.179-219.
- J. R. Fox, "Sibling Incest." British
Journal of Sociology 13(1962): 128-150.
- Barry D. Adam, "Age, Structure, and Sexuality:
Reflections on the Anthropological Evidence on Homosexual Relations."
The Journal of Homosexuality 11(1985): 19-33; Bernard Sergent,
Homosexuality in Greek Myth. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984 and L'homosexualite
intiatique dans l'europe ancienne. Paris: Payot, 1986.
- Anthony H. Manchest, "Incest and the Law."
In John M. Eekelacer and Sanford N. Katz, eds. Family Violence:
An International and Interdisciplinary Study. Toronto: Butterworths,
1978, pp.487-92.
- For overview or childhood history, see Lloyd
deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Psychohistory
Press, 1982.
- 15. J. G. Jones, "Sexual Abuse of Children:
Current Concepts." American Journal of Diseases of Children
136 (1982)142-146.
- The seduction theory is best traced historically
in Jean 0. Schimek, "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory:
A Historical Review." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
Assocition 35(1987): 937-65; Norman N. Holland, "Massonic
Wrongs," Amerkan Imago 46(1989): 329-352; Robert A. Paul,
"Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Critical Examination of
Masson's The Assault on Truth." The Journal of Psychoanalytic
Anthropology 80985): 161-87; Zvi Lothane, "Love, Seduction,
and Trauma." Psychoanalytic Review 74 (1987): 83-105; Elaine
Westerlund, 'Freud on Sexual Trauma: An Historical Review of Seduction
and Betrayal." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10(1986): 297-309;
and Richard B. Ulman and Doris Brothers, The Shattered Self A
Psychoanalytic Study of Trauma. Hillsdale, N.J.: The Analytic
Press, 1988, pp. 65-78; and Emanuel E. Garcia, "Freud's Seduction
Theory." In Albert J. Solnit and Peter B. Neubauer, eds.
The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. Vol.42. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1987. All, however, have their shortcomings,
so it is suggested there is no substitute to reading Freud himself
- Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete
Psychologkal Works of Sig-mund Freud. "The Aetiology of Hysteria."
Vol.111, (1986). London: The Hogarth Press, 1955, p.204.
- Freud, Standard Edition. "An Autobiographical
Study." Vol. XX, (1925). p.34.
- Jeffrey Moussaleff Masson, The Assault on Truth.
New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984; Alice Miller, Thou Shalt
Not &Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child. New York: Farrar,
Straus and Giroux, 1984.
- Freud, Standard Edition. "On the History
of the Psycho-analytic Movement." Vol. XIV (1914), p.17.
- Freud, Standard Edition. "Three Essays on
the Theory of Sexuality." Vol. VII (1905). p.86.
- Freud, Standard Edition. "Three Essays,"
p. 148; "Introductory Lectures on Psycho~Analysis."
Vol. XVI (191&l7), p.370.
- Freud, Standard Edition. "Introductory Lectures
on Psycho-Analysis." Vol. XVI (191&17), p.370. It is
true that Freud then went on to say that whether seduction had
occurred in reality or in fantasy, "The outcome is the same,
and up to the present we have not succeeded in pointing to any
difference in the consequences, whether phantasy or reality has
had the greater share in these events of childhood." Ibid.
Today a psychotherapist would say that it certainly makes a difference
whether incest occurred in reality or not. It would be important,
for instance, to know whether Freud's father was or was not the
"pervert" Freud called him-especially since, like most
German children of his time he slept with his parents in infancy.
The point here, however, isn't whether Freud's every clinical
opinion is held today. It is only that Freud didn't deny that
real childhood seduction all too often occurred in his patients
and in the society around him.
- Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis:
Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes: 1887-1902. New York:
Basic Books, 1954, p.220.
- Karl Abraham, "The Experiencing of Sexual
Traumas as a Form of Sexual Activity." In Selected Papers
of Karl Abraham. London: Hogarth Press, 1948. p. 48. Abraham's
blaming of the victim is particularly clear in his case of the
woman who was raped by her uncle in "On the Significance
of Sexual Traumas in Childhood for the Symptomatology of Dementia
Praecox. "In Karl Abraham, Clinical Papers and Essays on
Psycho-Analysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, p.14.
- This of course can only be ascertained for certain
in the rare cases when the child analyst's full clinical notes
have been preserved; the best example is Melanie Klein, Narrative
of A Child Analysis: The Conduct of the Psycho-Analysis of Children
As Seen in the Treatment of a Ten Year Old Boy. New York: Basic
Books, 1960, where Mrs. Klein reports regularly avoiding asking
whether the boy's reports of sucking his dog's penis and having
his own penis sucked might have been cover memories for real incest,
despite the boy's timid suggestion that "perhaps this had
happened in the past with his brother." (p. 93) Klein, like
Anna Freud, felt real childhood sexual events of little importance
compared to internal fantasy.
- Bernard C. Glueck, Jr., "Early Sexual Experiences
in Schizophrenia," in Hugo 0. Beigel, Ed., Advances in Sex
Research. New York: Harper & Row, 1963, pg. 253.
- Judith L. Herman and Bessel A. van der Kolk,
"Traumatic Antecedents of Borderline Personality Disorder."
In Bessel A. van der Kolk, Ed., Psychological Thauma. Washington
D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1989, p.116.
- Sandor Ferenczi, "Confusion of Tongues Between
the Adult and Child." Final Contributions to the Problems
and Methods of Psycho-Analysis. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1980,
p.162; Judith Dupont, Ed., The Clinical Diary of Sandor Ferened.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
- Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality. New York:
International Universities Press, 1953; Phyllis Greenacre, Trauma,
Growth and Personality. New York: International Universities Press,
1950; Annie Reich, "Analysis of a Case of Brother-Sister
Incest." In Annie Reich, New York: International Universities
Press, 1973, pp.288-311.
- Joseph C. Rheingold, The Fear of Being a Woman:
A Theory of Maternal Destruc-tiveness. Nell York: Grune &
Stratton, 1964.
- Robert Fliess, Symbol, Dream and Psychosis. New
York: International Universities Press, 1973, p.212.
- Miriam Williams, "Reconstruction of an Early
Seduction and Its Aftereffects." Journal of the American
Psychoanalytic Association. 35(1987): 145-1 63.
- Judith Lewis Herman, J. Christopher Perry and
Bessel A. van der Kolk, "Childhood Trauma in Borderline Personality
Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 146(1989): 494.
- Joseph Peters, "Children Who Are Victims
of Sexual Assault and the Psychology of Offenders," American
Journal of Psychotherapy 30(1976): 401.
- Lawrence Z. Freedman, review of Jeffrey M. Masson,
The Assault on Truth. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
36(1988): 187.
- John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inversion. New
York: Bell Publishing Company, 1984 (1928); J. Z. Eglinton, Greek
Love. New York: Oliver Layton Press, 1964.
- Allen Edwardes and R. E. L. Masters, The Cradle
of Erotica. New York: The Julian Press, 1963, p.22.
- Schultz' keynote speech at the first national
conference on sexual abuse of children is cited in Sam Janus,
The Death of Innocence: How Our Children Are Endangered by the
New Sexual Freedom. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1981,
p.126; see also Leroy G. Schulti, Ed., The Sexual Victimology
of Youth. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1980; and LeRoy
G. Schultz "Child Sexual Abuse in Historical Perspective."
Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality 1(1982): 21-35.
Other current scholarly works advocating pedophilia include Daniel
Tsand, Ed., The Age Taboo: Gay Male Sexuality, Power and Consent.
London: Gay Men's Press, 1981; Torn O'Carroll, Paedophilia: The
Radical Case. London: Peter Owen, 1980; Edward Brongersma, Das
verfemte Geschlecht. Munich: Lichtenberg, 1970. Brian Thylor,
Ed., Perspectives on Paedophilia. London: Batsford, 1981; Fritz
Bernard, Pedofifie. Bussum: Aquarius, 1975; Larry L. Constantine,
"The Sexual Rights of Children: implications of a Radical
Perspective." In Mark Cook and Glenn Wilson, Eds., Love and
Attraction: An International Conference. Oxford: Pergamon Press,
1979; Edward Brongersma, Des verfemte Geshlecht. Munich: Lichtenberg,
1970; Tony Duvert, Le ton sac illustre. Paris: Editions de Minuit,
1974; Richard L. Cur-rier. "Juvenile Sexuality in Global
Perspective." In Larry L. Constantine and Floyd M. Mastinson,
Eds., Children and Sex: New Findings, New Perspectives. Boston:
Little, Brown & Co., 1981; Tony Duven, L'enfant au masculin.
Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1980; Joachim 5. Holunana, Ed., Paedophilie
heute. Frankfurt am Main: Foerster, 1980; Theo Sandfort, The Sexual
Aspect of Pedophile Relations: The Experience of Twenty-five Boys.
Arnsterdam: Pan/Spartacus, 1982; Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out Homosexual
Politia in England Since the 19th Century. London: Quartet, 1978;
Parker Rossman, Sexual Experience Between Men and Boys: Exploring
the Pederast Underground. New York: Association Press, 1976; Theo
Sandfort, The Sexual Aspect of Pedophile Relations: The Experience
of Twenty-five Boys. Amsterdam: Pan/Spartacus, 1982; Denrtis Drew
and Jonathan Drake, Boys For Sale: A Sociological Study of Boy
Prostitution. New York: Brown Book Co., l969; and the works cited
in the journal Paidika.
- Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomery and Clyde Martin.
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Co., p. 121.
- 41. Walter B. Pomeroy, "A New Look at Incest."
Penthouse Forum, November, 1976, p.10.
- Recent bibliographic aids include Mary De Young,
Incest: An Annotated Bibliography. Jerferson, N.C.: McFarland,
1905; Rick Rubin and Greg ByerIy, In-cest The Last Taboo: An Annotated
Bibliography. Nell York: Garland, 1983; David Finkeihor, Child
Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research. New York: The Free Press,
1984; David Finkelhor, et at, A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse.
Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986; Melodye L. F. Dabney,
Incest An Annotated Bibliography: Offenders, Victims, Families,
Theatment Programs. Eugene, Oregon: M.L.F. Dabney, 1982; Benjamin
Schlesinger, Sexual Abuse of Children: A Resource Guide and Annotated
Bibliography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982; William
Parker, "Homosexuality in History: An Annotated Bibliography.."
Journal of Homosexuality 6(1980/81): 191-210; Wayne R. Dynes,
Homosexuality: A Research Guide. New York: Garland Publishing,
1987; William Parker, Homosexuality Bibliography. Second Supplement,
l97&~982. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1985; Joan Scherer
Brewer and Rod W. Wright, eds., Sex Research: Bibliography from
the Institute for Sex Research. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1979; Vern
L. Bullough, W. Dorr Legg. Barrett W. Elcano and James Kepner,
eds., An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality. Two Vols. New
York: Garland, 1976; Thomas M. Homer, Homosexuality and the Judeo-
Christian Tradition: An Annotated Biwiography. Metucleen, N.J.:
Scarecrow Press, 1981; Carolyn F. Wilson, Violence Against Women:
An Annotated Bibliography. Boston: 0. K. Hall, 1981; Nancy Sahli,
Women and Sexuality in America: A Bibliography. Boston: G. K.
Hall Co., 1984; Urich Herrmann, Susan Renftle and Lutz Roth, Bibliographic
zur Geschichte dir Xindheit, Jugend und Familie. Muenchen: Juventa
Verlag, 1980; Florence Rush, The Best Kept Secret Sexual Abuse
of Children. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice:-Hall, 1980; Veal
L. Bullough, Sexual Variance in society and History. Chicago University
of Chicago Press, 1976; R. E. L. Masters, Patterns of Incest:
A Psycho-Social Study of Incest Based on Clinical and Historic
data. New York: Ace Books, 1970; Luciano P.R. Santiago, The Children
of Oedipus: Brother-Sister Incest in Psychiatry, Literature, History,
and Mythology. Roslyn Heights, N.Y.: Libra Publishers, 1973; Herbert
Maisch, Incest. London: Deutsch, 1973; Parker Rossman, Sexual
Experience Between Men and Boys: Exploring the Pederast Underground.
New York: Association Press, 1976; Edward Brongersma, Das verfemie
Geschlecht. Munich: Lichtenberg, 1970; John Crewdson, By Silence
Betrayed: Sexual Abuse of Children in America. Boston: Little,
Brown and Co., 1988; Judith Ennew, The Sexual Exploitation of
Children, London: Polity Press, 1986; Jill F. Korbin, Ed., Child
Abuse and Neglect Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1981; Larry L. Constantine and Floyd M. Martinson,
Eds., Children and Sex.. New Findings, New Perspectives. Boston:
Little, Brown & Co., 1981; Joachirn S. Hobmanri, Ed., Paedophilie
heute. Frankfrut am Main: Fos'nter, 1980; Thomas Marland Homer,
Homosexuality and the Judeo-Christian Tradition: An Annotated
Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1981; Wolf Vogel,
Berbotene Liebe: Paedophilie and strafende Gesellschaft. Regensburg:
Roderer, 1981; Robin Lloyd, Boy Prostitution in America. New York:
Vanguard Press, 1976; Gitta Sereny, The Invisible Children: Child
Prostitution in America, West Germany and Great Britain. New York:
Knopf, 1985; W. Arens, The Original Sin: Incest and Its Meaning.
Oxford: Oxford Univershy Press, 1986.
- Reviews of prevalence studies include Carolyn
Swift, "Sex Between Adults and Children." The Journal
of Psychohistory 4(1977): 369-384; Diana F. H. Russell, The Secret
Thauma: Incest in the Lives of Girls and Women. New York: Basic
Books, 1986, pp.59-91; Stefanie Doyle Peters, Gail Elizabeth Wyatt
and David Finkeihor, "Prevalence," In David Finkeihor
et al., A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Beverly Hills: Sage
Publications, 1986, pp.15-55; and John Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed:
Sexual Abuse of Children in America. Boston: Little, Brown and
Co., 1988, pp.2441.
- Susan Diesenhouse, "Child Abuse Victims
Face System Made For Adults." The New York Times, March 6,
1988, p. 26E.
- Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde F,
Martin and Paul H. Gebhard, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female.
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1953, p. 117; Kinse'y's raw
material is reanalyzed in John Gagnon, "Female Child Victims
of Sex Offenders." Social Problems 13(1965): 176-92.
- Judson T. Landis, "Experiences of 500 Children
with Adult's Sexual Deviance." Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement
30(1956): 91-109.
- Stafanie Doyle Peters, Gail Elizabeth Wyatt and
David Finkelbor, "Prevalence," In David Finkdhor, et
at, Eds., A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Beverly Hills: Sage
Publications, 1986, pp.15-55; Gail Elizabeth Wyatt and Siefanie
Doyle Peters, "Methodological Considerations in Research
on the Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse." Child Abuse and
Neglect 10(1986): 241-51; and Gail Elizalteth Wyatt and Stefanie
Doyle Peters, "Issues in the Definition of Child Sexual Abase
in Prevalence Research." Child Abuse a Neglect 10(1986):
231-9.
- Gail Elizabeth Wyatt, "The Sexual Abuse
of Afro-American and White Women in Childhood." Child Abuse
a Neglect 9(1985): 507-19; and Diana E. H. Russell, The Secret
Trauma: Incest in the Lives of Girls and Women. New York: Basic
Books, 1986.
- Russell, The Secret Trauma, p.70.
- Brenda J. Vander Mey, "The Sexual Victimization
of Male Children: A Review of Previous Research." Child Abuse
a Neglect, 12(1988): 61-71.
- Some authors think boys may be sexually abused
as often as girls; the literature is reviewed by Kee MacFarlane,
et al., Sexual Abuse of Young Children: Evaluation and Treatment.
New York: The Gullford Press, 1986, pp.9-10; also see Robert L.
Johnson and Diane K. Shrier, "Sexual Victimization of Boys:
An Adolescent Medicine Clinic's Experience." Ms., Newark:
University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, n.d. and
Mic Hunter, Abused Boys: The Neglected Victims Of Sexual Abuse.
Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1990.
- The evidence for the higher incidence of childhood
sexual abuse in these populations is reviewed in Crewdson, By
Silence' Betrayed, p.208; Rush, The Best Kept Secret, p. 5; Adele
Mayer, Sexual Abuse: Causes, Consequences and Treatment of Incestuous
and Pedophilic Acts. Holmes Beach, Florida: Learning Publications,
1985, pp.64; M. Serrill, "Treating Sex Offenders in New Jersey."
Corrections 1(1974): 13-24; Mimi H. Silbert and Ayala M. Pines,
"Early Sexual Exploitation as an Influence in Prostitution."
Social Work 28(1983): 285-9; Cathy Spatz Widom, "Does Violence
Beset Violence? A Critical Examination of the Literature,"
Psychological Bulletin 106(1989): 3-28; Elaine Carmen, Patricia
Perri Rieker and Trudy Mills, "Victims of Violence and Psychiatric
Illness," American Journal of Psychiatry 141(1984): 378383.
- Russell thinks her numbers are underestimated
since 36 percent of the households in her study refused to be
interviewed and these probably had higher vitimilation rates.
See Diana Russell, lecture, May 17, 1988, Waukesha, Wisconsin,
reported in Carol Poston and Karen Lison, Reclaiming Our Lives:
Hope for Adult Survivors of Incest. Boston: Litfie, Brown and
Co., 1989, p.259.
- MacFarlane, Sexual Abuse of Young Children, p.7;
Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed, p.162.
- Robert Dube, "Sexual Abuse of Children Under
12 Years of Age: A Review of 511 Cases." ChildAbused Neglect
12(1988): 313.
- The first two factors, the higher-rate populations
excluded from the studies and the Suppression of memories, only
account for a few additional percentage points. The third factor,
the higher rate for households refusing to participate in the
studies, is in'. possible to quantify, so I have here not corrected
for this fact. The fourth factor can, however, be quantified,
since the recovery of repressed memories for an estimated 90 percent
of the incidents prior to age five and for an estimated 35 percent
of the in-cidents after age five would boost the overall rate
by almost 50 percent. For a study which concludes that patients
"who were abused early in childhood" were the most likely
to suffer "massive repression" of memories, see Judith
L. Herman and Emily Schatzow, "Recovery and Verification
of Memories of Childhood Sexual Trauma." Psychoanalytic Psychology
4(1987): 1-14. The figures I use, therefore, should be con-sidered
conservative.
- Russell, The Secret Trauma, p.35.
- Herman and Schatzow, 'Recovery and Verification,"
pp.1-14. Other studies find even the ability of young children
under five years of age to correctly remember traumatic events
is "uncanny"; see Lenore Terr, "What Happens to
Early Memories of Trauma? A Study of Twenty Children Under Age
Five at the Time of Documented Traumatic Events." Journal
of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27(1988):
96-104. Also see Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed, p.169.
- John Leopold Weit, Instinctual Stimulation of
Children: From Common Practice to Child Abuse. 2 Vols. Madison,
Conn.: International Universities Press, 1989, These volumes are
by far the best available on the Consequences of incest and other
traumatic child abuse practices.
- Russen, The Secret Thauma, p.101.
- Ibid, p.100.
- Ibid, p.216.
- Alan Sroufe arid Mary Ward, "Seductive Behavior
of Mothers of Toddlers: Occurrence, Correlates, and Family Origins."
Child Development 9(1980): 1222-29; CIare Havuessettum and Richard
D. Knigman, "Sexualized Attention: Normal Interaction of
Precursor to Sexual Abuse?" American Journal of Orthospychiatry
59(1989):23845.
- J G. Jones, "Sexual Abuse of Children: Current
Concepts." American Journal of Diseases of Children 136(1982):
142-6.
- As, for instance, in the case histories of Elizabeth
Ward, Father-Daughter Rape. New
York: Grove Press, 1985.
- David Finkeihor, Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory
and Research. New York: Free Press, 1984; J. Michael Cupoli, "One
Thousand Fifty-nine Children With a Chief Complaint of Sexual
Abuse." Child Abuse & Neglect. 12(1988): 158.
- Ibid, p.160.
- Gail Ryan, "Juvenile Sex Offenders: Development
and Correction." Child Abase & Neglect 11(1987): 385-95
- E. Brown, T. Flanagan and M. McLeod, Eds. Sourcebook
of Criminal Justice Statistics-I983. Washington, D.C.: Bureau
of Justice Statistics, 1984; A. Groth and C. Loredo, 'Juvenile
Sexual Offenders: Guidelines for Assessment." International
Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 25(1981)31-39.
- Russell, The Secret Trauma, p.388.
- Mic Hunter, Abused Boys: The Neglected Victims
of Sexual Abuse. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1990; Mike Lew, Victims
No Longer Men Recovering From Incest and Other Sexual Child Abuse.
New York: Harper & Row, 1990, p.58.
- Ibid.
- Heary B. Bill and Richard S. Solomon. Child Maltreatment
and Paternal Deprivation. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986,
p.59.
- An excellent bibliographic review is contained
in Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic
Therapy of Sexual Perversion. Madison, Conn.: International Universities
Press, 1988.
- Ibid.
- John Leopold Weil, Instinctual Stimulation of
Children: From Common Practice to Child Abuse. Two Vols. Madison,
Conn.: International Universities Press, 1989; Gail Elizabeth
Wyatt and Gloria Johnson Powell, Eds., Lasting Effects of Child
Sexual Abuse. Newbury Park, Cauf.: Sage, 1988; Brandt F. Steele,
"Notes on the Lasting Effects of Early Child Abuse Throughout
the Life Cycle." Child Abuse & Neglect 10(1986): 283-91;
Liz Tong, Kim Oates and Michael McDowell, "Personality Development
Following Sexual Abuse." Child Abuse & Neglect 11(1987):
37143; Alison Ftshman Gartner and John Gartner, "Borderline
Pathology in Post-Incest Female Adolescents." Bulletin of
the Menninger Clinic 52(1988): 101-113; Anathony P. Mannariarino
and Judith A. Cohen, "A Clinical-Demographic Study of Sexually
Abused Children." Child Abuse & Neglect 10(1986): 17-23;
Wendy Maltz and Beverly Holman, Incest and Sexuality: A Guide
to Understanding and Healing. Lexington.
- 77. R. F. Badgley, Sexual Offenses Against Children.
2 Vol". Ottawa: Canadian Government Publishing Center, 1984.
- Stephen 0. Murray, Ed., Male Homosexuality in
Central and South America. New York: GAU-NY. 1987.
- Oscar Lewis, La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in
the Culture of Poverty San Juan and New York. New York: Vintage
Books, 1965, p. xxvi.
- E. N. Padilla, "An Agrarian Reform Sugar
Community in Puerto Rico." Doctoral dissertajon, Columbia
University, 1951.
- Romon Frendandez-Marina, "Brief Communications."
Psychiatry 24(l961): 79-82.
- J. M. Carrier, "Mexican Male Bisexuality."
In F. Klein and T. Wolf, eds., Bisexualities: Themes and Research.
New York Hayworth Press, 1985, pp.75-85.
- Jean La Fontaine, Child Sexual Abuse. London:
Polity Press, 1990; Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed, p.33; Jill
E. Korbin, Ed., Child Abuse and Neglect Cross-Cultural Perspectives.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981; Richard J. Gelles
and Ake W. Edfeldt, "Violence Towards Children in the United
States and Sweden." ChildAbuse& Neglect 10(1986): 501-10;
Patricia]. Mrzaek, Margaret A. Lynch, Ar-non Bentovim, "Sexual
Abuse of Children in the United Kingdom." Child Abuse &
Neglect 7(1973): 147-53; Christopher J. Hobbs and Jane NI. Wynne,
"Buggery in Childhood-A Common Syndrome of Child Abuse."
The Lancet, October 4, 1986, p.792-6; C. J. Hobbs and J. M. Wynne,
"Sexual Abuse of English Boys and Girls: The Importance of
Anal Examination." Child Abuse & Neglect 13(1989): 195-210;
Glenn D. Wilson and David N. Cox, The Child-Lovers: A Study of
Pedophiles in Society. London: Peter Owen, 1983; also see bibliography
in Dorothy P. Wells, Com-piler, Child Abuse: An Annotated Bibliography.
Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1980.
- Neil Elliott, Sensuality in Scandinavia. New
York: Weybright and Talley, 1970; Swend Riemer, "A Research
Note on Incest," American Journal of Sociology 45(1940):
56&75.
- Jean S. La Fontaine, "Child Sexual Abuse
and the Incest Taboo: Practical Problems and Theoretical Issues."
Man n.s. 23(1988): 1-18.
- Wetriarer Newt Zeitung, October 13, 1988, p.1;
Iris Galey, 'Ich weinie nicht, als Vater sfarb. Bern: Zytglogge
Verlag, 1988; see also infant t. issues 1988 to 1990.
- enfant 1.6(1989): 10-11.
- Personal communication from Karin Wellenkotter
and Detlef Iterenawi of the Institute fuer Kindheit, Berlin.
- Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Childhood."
In deMause. Ed.. The History of Childhood. New York: The Psychohistory
Press, 1974, p.51; Lloyd deMause, "Appendix: On the Demography
of Filicide." In deMause, Foundations of
Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, pp. 117-121; Lloyd
deMause, "The History of Childhood in Japan." The Journal
of Psychohistory 15(1987): 147-51.
- Katherine Mayo, Mother India. New York: Harcourt,
Brace and Co., 1927, pp.25-26; also see Mayo's many subsequent
books and other books written in response to hers, a bibliography
of which can be found in Harry F. Field, After Mother India. New
York:
Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929; and David and Vera Mace. Marriage:
East and West. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1959.
- Mayo, Mother India, p.26
- R. E. L. Masters, Patterns of Incest A Psycho-social
Study of Incest, Based on Clinical and Historic Data. New York:
Ace Books. 1970, pp.4647
- Ganamath Obeyesekere, The Cult of the Goddess
Pattini. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
- S. N. Rampal, Indian Women and Sex. New Delhi:
Printoy, 1978, pp.69-71.
- Ibid, p.71.
- R. E. L. Masters, Patterns of Incest, pp.4647.
- Manisha Roy, Bengali Women. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1972, p.24.
- Ibid.
- K. M. Kapadia. Marriage and Family in India.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
- L. D. Sanglivi, "Inbreeding in India."
Eugenics Quarterly 13(1966): 291-301; P.5.5, Rao and S. G. lnbaraj,
"Breeding Effects on Human Reproduction in Tamil Nadu of
South India." Annals of Human Genetics a41(1977): 87-98;
A. K. Ohosh and P. P. Majumder, "Genetic Load in an Isolated
Population of South India." Human Genetics 51(1979): 203-8.
- 101. Ibid, pp. 110-13.
- Ibid, p.24.
- AlIen Edwards, The Cradle of Erotica. New York.
The Julian Press, 1963, pp. 133-134, citing Dr. Jacobs: (non de
plume), L 'Ethnologie du Sens Genitale. Paris, 1935, a book I
have been unable to locate.
- S. N. Rampal, Indian Woman and Sex, p.69.
- Ibid, p.23.
- Katherine Mayo, Volume Two. London: Jonathan
Cape, 1931, p.47.
- Mayo, Mother India, p.25. Also see G. Morris
Carstairs, The Twice-Born: A Study of a Community of High Caste
Hindus. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967; Shakuntala
Devi, The World of Homosexuals. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House,
1977; Johann Jacob Meyer, Sexual Life in Ancient India: A Study
of the Comparative History of Indian Culture. Two Vols. New York:
Dutton, 1930.
- Katherine Mayo, Slaves of the Gods. New York:
Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929, pp. 137-8
- Kamalabai Deshpande, The Child in Ancient India.
Poona: Arya Samskrti Press, 1930, p.193.
- Patricia Jeffery, Frogs in a Well: Indian Women
in Purdah. London: Zed Press, 1979.
- Mayo, Mother India, p.112.
- Johann Jakob Meyer, Sexual Life in Ancient India:
A Study in the Comparative History of Indian Culture. Vol. 1.
London: George Routledge & Sons, 1930, p.58.
- A. K. Sur, Sex and Marriage in India: An Ethnohistorical
Survey. Bombay: Allied Publisbers, 1973; I have adjusted 1921
census figures by 20 percent to allow for overstating of age,
in accordance with evidence given in the census itself; see Harry
F.Field, After Mother India. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.,
1929, p.48-51. On the difficulty of enforcing child marriage laws
in India, see David and Vera Mace. Marriage: East and West. Garden
City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1959, pp. l90-201.
- Eleanor F. Rathbone, Child Marriage: The Indian
Minotaur. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1934, p.37; and Mayo,
Volume Two, p.139.
- Mayo, Volume Two, p.63.
- Ibid, pp.68, 52-3.
- Moni Nag, "Sex, Culture, and Human Fertility:
India and the United States." Current Anthropology 13(1972):
231-7; Wendy Doniger O'Raherty, Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical
Beasts. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980; "Romance
and a Little Rape." Time, August 13, 1990, p.69.
- Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty, Asceticism and Eroticism
in the Mythology of Siva. London: Oxford University Press, 1973;
Nigel Davies, The Rampant God: Eros Throughout the World. New
York: William Morrow, 1984; Blair Justice and Rita Justice, The
Broken Taboo: Sex in the Family. New York: Human Sciences Press,
1979, p.38; Main Denie'Iou, Les Quatre Sens da la Vie a l'Jnde
Thaditionelle. Paris: Librairie AcadEmique Perrin, 1963.
- Verrier EIwin, The Baiga. London: John Murray,
1939,
- Ibid, p.193.
- Verrier Elwin, The Muria and Their Ghotul Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1947, pp.322-439.
- Ibid, p.358.
- S.S. Shashi, Night Life of Indian Tribes. Delhi:
Agarn Prakarltan, 1978, p.48.
- Eiwin, Muria, p.340.
- Ibid, pp.333-338.
- Ibid, p.343.
- Ibid, p.369.
- Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices: The Story
of Human Sexuality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983.
- Richard L. Currier, "Juvenile Sexuality
in Global Perspective." In Larry L. Constantine and Floyd
M. Martinson, Eds., Children and Sex: New Findings, New Perspectives
Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1981, p.18.
- Verrier Elwin, The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin:
An Autobiography. Oxford: Ox-ford University Press, 1964, p.167;
5. S. Shashi, Night Life of Indian Tribes. Delhi: Agam Prakashan,
1978.
- Francis L. K. Hsu, Americans and Chinese: Purpose
and Fulfillment in GreatCivilizations. Garden City, N.Y.: The
Natural History Press, 1970, p.75; Francis L. K. Hsu, Under the
Ancestors' Shadow: Kinship, Personality, and Social Mobility in
China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971, p.221.
- Heinrich Ploss, Das Weib in der Natur- und Voelkerkunde.
Anthropologische Stu-dien. II, stark vermehrte Auflage, bearbeitet
und herausgegeben von Max Bartels. Band 1. Leipsig, 1887; Edgar
Gregersen, Sexual Practices: The Story of Human Sex-uality. New
York: Franklin Watts, 1983, p.228 reports "Some Hindus believe
that in-tercourse with a bride whose hymen is unbroken is dangerous
for the groom. conse-quently, some mothers practice 'deep cleansing'
on their very young daughters which tears the girls' hymen."
- Wou-Chan Cheng, Erotologie de Ia Chine. Paris:
J. J. Pauvert, 1963; Robert Hans van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient
China.' A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from ca.
1500 BC till 1644 AD. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961; Michel Beurdeley,
The Clouds and the Rain.' The Art of Love in China. London: Hammond
& Ham-mond, 1969; Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices.' The
Story of Human Sexuality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983, pp.233-44;
Vern L. Bullough, Sexual Variance in Society and History. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1976, pp. 281-314; Taisuke Mitamura,
Chinese Eunuchs.' The Structure of Intimate Politics. Rutland,
Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1970; Andrea Sankar, "Sisters
and Brothers, Lovers and Enemies: Marriage Resistance in Southern
Kwangtung." Journal of Homosexuality 11(1985):69-82; John
Barrow, Travels in China. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1804;
Pan Kwong-Tan, Psychology of Sex. Shanghai: The Commercial Press,
1947; Dennis Drew and Jonathan Drake, Boys for Sale.' A Sociological
Study of Boy Pro-stitution. New York: Brown Book Co., 1969, pp.97-107;
Michel Beurdeley, et al., Chinese Erotic Art. Rutland, Vermont:
Thttle, 1969; Arnold C. Brackman, The Last Emperor. New York:
Scribner's Sons, 1975; Chang Ching-Sheng, Sex Histories.' China'~
First Modern Treatise on Sex Education. New York: Bantam Books,
1972; Jean-Jacques Matignon, "Deux mots sur la pederastie
en Chine." Archives d'an-thropologie criminelle 14(1899):
38-53; Pan Kwong-Tan, Psychology of Sex.Shanghai: The Commercial
Press, 1947; Wang Shu-Nu, Chung-kuo ch'ang-chi shih [The History
of Chinese Prostitution]. Shanghai: Sheng-huo shu-tien, 1935;
Wei-Hsing- Shih-Kuan-Ch'i-Chu, Chung-kuo t'ung-hsing-luan-mi-shih
[The Secret History of Chinese Homosexual Practices]. Two Vols.
Hong Kong: Chai-you chu-pan-she, 1964; Akira Ishihara and Howard
S. Levy, The Tao of Sex. Yokohama:Shibundo, 1968; Peter Tompkins,
The Eunich and the Virgin.' A Study of Curious Customs. New York:
Clarkson N. Potter, 1962; Charles Humana, The Keeper of the Bed.'
The Story of the Eunuch. London: Arlington Books, 1973; Richard
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Thousand Nights and a Night, Vol. X. New York: Burton Club, 1886.
- Arthur P. Wolf and Chieh-shan Huang, Marriage
and Adoption in China, 1845-1945.Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 1980; D. C. Buxbaum, Chinese Family Law and Social Change.
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978.
- Magnus Hirschfeld, Men and Women.' The World
Journey of a Sexologist. New York: C. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935,
p.79.
- . Taisuke Mitamura, Chinese Eunuchs.' The Structure
of Intimate Politics. Rutland, Vermont: Charles Tuttle, 1970
- Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve.' The
Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1990, p. 133.
- Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China, p.147
- Ibid, p. 194.
- The mui tsai system still existed until
recently, although formally made illegal afterChina became a Republic
in 1912; see Lt.-Commander and Mrs. H. L. Haslewood,Child Slavery
in Hong Kong.' The Mui Tsai System. London: The Sheldon Press,1930;
and Margery Wolf, The House ofLim.' A Study of a Chinese Farm
Family. NewYork: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968.
- Robert Brain, The Decorated Body. New York: Harper
& Row, 1979, p.89.
- Howard S. Levy, Chinese Footbinding.' The History
of a Curious Erotic Custom. London: Neville Spearman, n.d., p.70.
- David and Vera Mace, Marriage.' East & West.
Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co.,1959, pp.75-6; Levy, Chinese
Footbinding, pp.52, 82-88.
- Levy, Chinese Footbinding, p.34.
- A typical example, Ibid, p.83: "My toes
were pointed, my instep bent down,/And though I cried out to Heaven
and Earth,/ Mother ignored me as if she were deaf./My nights were
spent in pain,/My early mornings in tears;/I spoke to Mother by
my bed;/How you worry when I'm ill,/How frightened if I fall!/Now
the agony from my feet has penetrated the marrow of my bones,/And
I am plunged into despair, but you,/You don't care a bit about
me."
- Lloyd deMause, "The History of Childhood
in Japan." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 147-51.
- Yoshiko Ikeda, "A Short Introduction to
Child Abuse in Japan." Child Abuse & Neglect 6(1982):
487-492.
- James Fallows, Atlantic Monthly, September 1986,
p.37; these pornographic works are currently being investigated
by Kenneth Alan Adams and Lester Hill, Jr.; see their "Protest
Anality in Japanese Group-Fantasies," The Journal of Psychohistory
15(1987): 113-51; and Kenneth Alan Adams, "Oedipal Themes
in Japanese Group-Fantasy." Presentation, International Psychohistorical
Association Eleventh Annual Convention, June 11, 1988, and forthcoming
in The Journal of Psychohistory.
- Saikaku Ihara, Comrade Loves of the Samurai.
Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. TuttleCo., 1972 (c. 1680); Louis
Frederic, Daily Life in Japan at the Time of the ~amurai. London:
George Allen & Unwin, 1972; Donald H. Shiveley, "Tokugawa
Tsunayoshi, the Gewoku Shogun." In Albert M. Craig and Donald
H. Shiveley, Eds., Personality in Japanese History. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1970; H. Paul Varley, The Samurai.
London: Widenfeld and Nicolson, 1970; Ian Buruma, Behind the Mask.'
On Sexual Demons, Sacred Mothers, Transvestites, Gangsters, Drifters
and Other Japanese Cultural Heroes. New York: Pantheon, 1984;
Margaret Childs, "Japan's Homosexual Heritage." Gai
Saber 1(1977): 41-45; Daniel Marc, "Les amants du soleil
levant." Arcadie 66(1949): 356-51; Ihara Saikaku, Tales of
the Samurai. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1972; Friedrich Salomo Krauss, Das
Geschlechtsleben in Glauben, Sitte, Brauch und Gewohnheit der
Japaner. Second Ed., Leipzig: Ithnologischer Verlag, 1911; George
Ryley Scott, Phallic Worship.' A History of Sex and Sex Rites
in Relation to the Religions ofAll Races From Antiquity to the
Present Day. London: Torchstream Books, 1941, p.228; Michael Czaja,
Gods of Wyth and Stone.' Phallicism in Japanese Folk Religion.
New York: Weatherhill, 1974. For the age of geisha, see J. E.
De Becker, The Nightiess City, or The History of the Yoshiwara
Yukwaku. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Thttle Co., 1971(1899);
and Liza Crihfield Dalby, Geisha. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1983, p.197; Paul Gordon Schalow, "Male Love in Early
Modern Japan: A Literary Depiction of the 'Youth."' In Martin
Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus and George Chauncey, Jr., Hidden
From History.' Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. New York:
New American Library, 1989.
- J. E. DeBecker, The Nigh tless City, or, The
"Histoty of the Yoshiwara Yukwaku." Yokohama: Z. P.
Maruya & Co., 1899.
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of the Samurai.' A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality. London:
GMP Publishers, 1987; Ihara Saikaku, The Great Mirror of Male
Love. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
- Michio Kitahara, "Childhood in Japanese
Culture." The Journal of Psychohistory17(1989): 43-72; Luciano
P. R. Santiago, The Children of Oedipus.' Brother-Sister Incest
in Psychiatry, Literature, History and Mythology. Roslyn Heights,
N.Y.: Libra Publishing, 1973, pp.83-90.
- William J. Schull and James V. Neel, The Effects
of Inbreeding in Japanese Children. New York: Harper & Row,
1965; William J. Schull and James V. Neel, "The Effects of
Parental Consanguinity and Inbreeding in Hirado, Japan."American
Journal of Human Genetics 24(1972): 425-53.
- Shunichi Kubo, "Researches on Incest in
Japan," Hirosh ima Journal of Medical Science 8(1959): 99-159.
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Dirty Old Man.' Sex Adven-tures of Hirota Kicchomu (1628-1717).
South Pasadena: Warm-Soft Village Press, 1979, p. 3.
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Women of Suye Mura. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,
1982, pp~ 68-72; Douglas C. Haring, "Aspects of Per-sonal
Character in Japan." In Douglas C. Haring, Ed., Personal
Character and Cultural Milieu. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press,
1956, p.416.
- John Connor, Takie Sugiyama Lebra, George DeVos
and Alan Roland, personal communications.
- Joy Hendry, Becoming Japanese.' The World of
the Pre-School Child. Manchester: Manchester University Press,
1986, pp.21, 44; Mizushima Kanae, Shinshitsu Haibun ni Miru Oyako
no shinsosei [Parent-child intimacy as seen in sleeping arrangements].
- Kitahara, "Childhood in Japanese Culture,"
p. 54.
- Lebra, Japanese Women, " Constraint and
Fulfillment Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984, pp. 176-80.
- Coleman, Family Planning in Japanese Society,
p.177, finds most families respond to questions about why they
have sex in the same bed with children by saying it would be "selfish"
not to do so.
- Ibid, p.191.
- Ibid, p.188.
- Kimi Kawana. Misshitsu no Haha to Ko [Mother
and Child in the Closed Room]. Tokyo: Ushio Shuppan Sha, 1984.
- Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices.' The Story
of Human Sexuality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983, p~ 246, cites
Kinsey-style studies that show from 60 percent to 90 percent of
Japanese husbands have extramarital intercourse.
- Michio Kitahara, "Incest-Japanese Style."
The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1989): 445-50.
- Machio Kitahara, "Childhood in Japanese
Culture," The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1989): 56.
- Coleman, Family Planning in Japanese Society,
p.178.
- Mutsuo Takahashi, Ed., Kinjirareta Sei [Forbidden
Sex]. Tokyo: Ushio Shuppan Sha, 1984.
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Culture," The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1989): 43-72.
- Jim McDermott, "Asia-Epicenter of the AIDS
Epidemic." The Washington Post, June 23,1991, p. B7.
- Abeelwahab Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam. London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985; Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Ed.,
Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam. Malibu, Calif.: Undena,
1979; Jinoo S. Southgate, "Men, Women and Boys: Love and
Sex in the Works of Sa'di." Iranian Studies 17: 413-52; Jefim
Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry." Sefarad
15(1955): 55-68; Minoo S. Southgate, "Men, Women and Boys:
Love and Sex in the Works of Sa'di." Iranian Studies 17(1984):
413-52; C. H. Bousquet, L'e~thique Sexuelle de l'Islam. Paris:
Maisonneuve et Larose, 1966; Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin, Symbols
and Value in Zoroastrianism.' Their Survival and Renewal. New
York: Harper & Row, 1966; J. S. Slotkin, "On a Possible
Lack of Incest Regulations in Old Iran." American Anthropologist
49 n.s.(1947): 612-17; Richard Burton, "Terminal Essay."
In The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Vol.10. New York:
Burton Club, 1886, pp. 63-302; Samuel M. Zwemer, Childhood in
the Moslem World. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1915; Marc
Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love." Gay Sunshine
32(1977): 1-11; Donald Little, An Introduction to Mamluk Historiography.
Niontreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1970; Allen Edwardes
and R. E. L. Niasters, The Cradle of Erotica. New York: The Julian
Press, 1963; Allen Edwardes, The Je~el in the Lotus.' A Historical
Survey of the Sexual Culture of the East. New York: The Julian
Press, 1959, pp.97-99, 183-253; Jonathan Drake, "'Le Vice'
in Turkey," International Journal of Greek Love 1(1966):
13-27; Edgar Cregersen, Sexual Practices.' The Story of Human
Sexuality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983, pp. 201-14; Arno Karlen,
Sex-uality and Homosexuality.' A New View. New York: W. W. Norton
& Co., 1971, pp. 233-6; David F. Greenberg, The Construction
of Homosexuality. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988,
pp. 172-82; Vern L. Bullough, Sexual Variance in Society and History.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976, pp. 205-44.
- Ingeborg Baldauf, Bacabozlik: Boylove, Folksong
and Literature in Central Asia. Paedika 2(1990)12-31.
- Gregersen, Sexual Practices, p, 203; Walter Cline,
Notes on the People of Siwah and ElGarah in the Libyan Desert.
Menasha, Wisc.: George Banta Publishing Co., 1936; Edwardes and
Masters, The Cradle of Erotica, pp, 245-6.
- Edwardes and Masters, The Cradle of Erotica,
pp 40, 42, 239-45.
- Abdeiwahab Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985, p. 32.
- James A. Bellamy, "Sex and Society in Islamic
Popular Literature," in Afaf Litfi Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Society
and the Sexes in Medieval Islam, p.37; Bouhdiba, Sexuality in
Islam, p.33.
- Vincent Crapanzano, "Rite of Return: Circumcision
in Morocco." In Warner Muensterberger et al, Eds., The Psychoanalytic
Study of Society. Vol. IX. New York: The Psychohistory Press,
1981, pp.15-36.
- Because of their incestuous childhoods, Arabs
are obsessed with purification, and have developed rituals wherein
they are constantly washing the genitals and anal areas, including
rubbing the penis against stone objects to empty their impure
urinary tract; see Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam, pp.46-7.
- Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam, pp.119, 168.
- Ibid, pp.165,169, 171 and 173.
- Edwardes and Masters, The Cradle of Erotica,
p.300.
- Nawal El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve: Women
in the Arab World, Boston: Beacon Press, 1980, p.14.
- Ibid
- Zwemer, Childhood in the Moslem World, pp, 98-9.
- El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve, pp 20-23.
- Ibid.
- Frank P. Hosken, The Hosken Report.' Genital
and Sexual Mutilation of Females. Lexington, Mass.: Women's International
Network News, 1979; Janice Boddy, "Pharaonic Circumcision
in Rural Northern Sudan." American Ethnologist 9(1982): 682-98;
Edwardes, The Cradle of Erotica, pp. 57-64; Bullough, Sexual Variance,
pp. 219-20; El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve, pp.7-li, 33-42;
Hamed Ammar, Growing Up in an Egyptian Village. London: Routledge
and Kegan Paul, 1954; Marie Bassili Assaad, "Female Circumcision
in Egypt: Social Implications, Current Research, and Prospects
for Change." Studies in Family Planning 11(1980): 3-16; Rose
Oldfield Hayes, "Female Genital Mutilation, Fertility Control,
Women's Roles, and the Patrilineagein Modern Sudan "A functional
Analyis." American Ethnologist2(1975):617-33; S.E. Grahm,
Female Circuscision Excisison and Infibulation. London: MinorityRights,
1985; Ragael Patai, The ArbMind. New York: GharlesScribers Sons,.
1983 Hanny Lightfoot-Klein, Prisoners of Ritua: An Odysesy into
Female Genital Circumcision inAfrica. New York: Harrington Park
Press. 1989. Pia Grassivaro, :a circoncisisionfemminile in Somalia:una
ricerca sul camp. Maliano:P. Angeli, 1986; Lilian P,.Sanderson,
Female Genital Mutilation, Excision adn Infibulation: A Bibliography.
London: The Anti-Slavery Societyfor thePRotection of Human Rights,
1986; Olayinka Koso-Tomas, Circumcision of Women:A Strategyfor
Eradication. London: Zed Boooks, 1987; Tobe Levin, "'Unspeakable
Atrocities': ThePsycho-sexualEtiologyofFemale Gental Muilation."
The Journal ofMindand Behavior,.1(1980): 197-201
- Marie Bonaparte, "Notes on Excision."
Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences, 2(1950): 70.
- El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve, p.34.
- Fran P. Hosken, Female Sexual Mutilations: The
Facts and Proposals for Action. Lexington, Mass.: Women's International
Network News, 1980, pp.6 and 0.
- Ibid, p.15.
- Lightfoot-Klein, Prisoners of Ritual, p.12.
- El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve,pp. 7-8.
- Hamed Ammar, Growing Up In An Egyptian Village.
New York: Octagon Books, 1973, p.121; Vincent Crapanzano, "Rite
of Return; Circumcision In Morocco." In Warner Muensterberger
and L. Bryce Boyer, Eds. The Psychoanalytic Study ofSocie-ty.
VoL IX. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1981, pp. 15-36.
- Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1960, p.3.
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and the Envious Male. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1954, p.84.
- Yehudi A. Cohen, The Thansirion From Childhood
to Adolescence: Cross- Cultural Studies of Initiation Ceremonies,
Legal Systems, and Incest Taboos. Chicago: Aldine, 1964; John
W. M. Whiting, Richard Kluckhohn and Albert Anthony, "The
Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies at Puberty." In Eleanor
F. Maccoby, Theodore M. Newcomb and Eugene L. Hartley, Eds., Readings
in Social Psychology. Third Edition.New York: Henry Holt, f1958;
Theodor Reik, Ritual: Psycho-analytic Studies. Westport: Greenwood
Press, 1975, p.120; John Cawte, N. Diagamara and M. G. Barrett,
"The Meaning of Subincision of the Urethra to Aboriginal
Australians." British Journal of Medkal Psychology 39(1966):
245-253. The best psychoanalytic reviews of genital mutilation
theories are Vincent Crapanzano, "Rite of Return Circumcision
in Morocco" and Robert Bates Graber, "A Psychocultural
Theory of Male Genital Mutilation." The Journal for Psychoanalytic
Anthropology 4(1981):41 3-434.
- Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices: The Story
of Human Sexuality. New York:Franklin Watts, 1983, pp.101, 106-7
and 295; Armando R. Favazza and Barbara Favazza, Bodies Under
Siege: Self-mutilation in Culture and Psychiatry. Baltimore:The
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, p.159.
- Robert Brain, The Decorated Body. New York: Harper
& Row, 1979, p.87; Allen Ed-wardes, The Jewel in the Lotui
A Historical Survey of the Sexual Culture of the East. New York:
The Julian Press, 1959, p.95; Y. V. Chabukswar, "A Barbaric
Method of Circumcision Among Some of the Arab Tribes of Yemen."
Indian Medical Gazette 56(1921): 48A9; Favazza, Bodies Under Siege,
p.98; Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, p.54; Charles
Humana, The Keeper of the Bed: The Story of the Eunuch. London:
Arlington Books; Peter Tompkins, The Eunuch and the Virgin. New
York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1962; Rosalind Miles, The Women 's History
of the World. Topsfield, Mass.: Salem Rouse, 1988, p.38.
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