REFERENCES for CHAPTER 7
318
1. "The Independence of Psychohistory" in
Lloyd deMause' ed. The New Psychohistory. New York: Psychohistory
Press, 1975; "The Formation of the American Personality Through
Psychospeciation" Journal of Psychohistory 4(1976): 1-30; "The
Psychogenic Theory of History" Journal of Psychohistory 4(1977):
253-67; "Jimmy Carter and American Fantasy" in Lloyd deMause
and Henry Ebel, eds. Jimmy Carter andAmerican Fantasy. New York: Psychohistory
Press, 1977; and "Historical Group-Fantasies" Journal of
Psychohistory 7(1979): 1-70.
2. In psychoanalytic terms, the leader is not a whole object but a
"self-object" (Heinz Kohut, The Restoration of the Self
New York: International Universities Press, 1977), a "toilet-lap"
(Donald Meltzer, The Psycho-Analytical Process. London: William Heinemann
Medical Books, 1967), a "container" for projective identifications
(Leon Grinberg et al., Jntroduction to the Work of Bion. New York:
Jason
Aronson, 1977; James Grotstein, Splitting and Projective Identification.
New York:
Jason Aronson, 1981.)
3. Although the concept of the "humiliating other" is mine
(see footnote 1 references), for the psychoanalytic literature on
pathological humiliation fantasies see Julian L. Stamm, "The
Meaning of Humiliation and Its Relationship to Fluctuations in Self-Esteem"
International Review of Psycho-Analysis 5(1978): 425-33.
4. Stuart S. Asch, "Suicide, and the Hidden Executioner"
International Review of Psycho-Analysis 7(1980): 51-60.
5. Emanuel Peterfreund, Information, Systems and Psychoanalysis. New
York: International Universities Press, 1971, p.74.
6. Sigmund Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams" Standard
Edition 4(1900), p.400; "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety"
Standard Edition 20(1926), p. 137; for a discussion of Freud's views
on prenatal life, see Phyllis Greenacre, Trauma, Growth and Personality.
London: Hogarth Press, 1952.
7. Sigmund Freud, "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety" Standard
Edition 20(1926), pp.96 and 130.
8. This story is told (without citing its source) by D. W. Winnicott,
Collected Papers:
Through Pediatrics to Psycho-Analysis. New York: Basic Books) 1958,
p.175.
9. The full story is only recovered by combining Jessie Taft, Otto
Rank: A Biographical Study Based on Notebooks, Letters, Collected
Writings, Therapeutk Achievements and Personal Associations. New York:
The Julian Press, 1958, and Pay B. Karpf, The Psychology and Psychotherapy
of Otto Rank. Westport, Conn., 1953.
10. For the source of the problems Freud had with feelings surrounding
birth, and their connection whh the birth of his siblings, see Lucy
Freeman and Herbert Strean, Freud and Women. New York: Frederick Ungar,
in press.
11. Karl Abraham, "The Spider as a Dream Symbol" Selected
Papers on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1957, p.332.
12. "Spider Phobias" Psychoanalytic Quarterly 36(1967):
52; "Umbilical Cord Sym-bolism of the Spider's Dropline"
Psychoanalytic Quarterly 35(1966): 589; "Oral Aggression in Spider
Legends" American Imago 23(1966): 169.
13. Calvin S. Hall, "Prenatal and Birth Experiences in Dreams"
Psychoanalytic Review 54(1967): 157-74.
14. Phyllis Greenacre, "The Biological Economy of Birth"
Psychoanalytk Study of the Child 1(1945): 40.
15. D. W. Winnicott, "Birth Memories, Birth Trauma, and Anxiety"
in his Collected Papers: Through Pediatrics to Psycho-Analysis. New
York: Basic Books, 1958, p.
178.
319
16.A brief, inadequate review of the literature can
be found in P. M. Ploye, "DoesPrenatal Mental Exist?" International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis Life 54(1973): 241-6.
17. Otto Rank, The Trauma of Birth. New York: Richard Brunner, 1952;
also see Rank's The Myth of the Birth of the Hero and Other Writings,
edited by Philip Freand. New York: Random House, 1932, and The Double.'
A Psychoanalytk Study. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1971.
18. Jessie Taft, Otto Rank, p.92. The Rankian practice of making all
psychotherapy into a nine-month rebirth ritual came much later. Oddly
enough, more recent psychoanalytic research (see Gilbert J. Rose,
"Transference Birth Fantasies and Nar-cissism" Journal of
the American Psychoanalytic Association 17(1969): 1015-29) con-firms
the frequent occurrence of birth fantasies in the ninth month of analysis-without,
of course, concluding as Rankians did that the therapy should thereby
be considered terminated.
19. For a bibliography of this project, which remains totally unintegrated
into psychoanalytic theory, see Margaret F. Fries, "Longitudinal
Study: Prenatal Period to Parenthood" Journal of the Amerkan
Psychoanalytic Association 25(1977):
11540 and Margaret E. Fries, Marie Coleman Nelson, Paul J. Woolf "Developmental
and Etiological Factors in the Treatment of Character Disorder with
Archaic Ego Function" Psychoanalytic Review 67(1980): 337-52.
20. New Hyde Park, New York: University Books, 1949.
21. Ibid., pp.309 and 3.
22. Described in Maarten Lietaert Peerbolte, "Some Problems Connected
Whh Fodor's Birth-Trauma Therapy" Psychiatric Quarterly 26(1952):
294-306.
23. A basic list of Francis S. Mott's major work includes The Universal
Design of Birth. Philadelphia: David McKay, 1948; The Universal Design
of Creation. Edenbridge: Mark Beech, 1964; The Universal Design of
the Oedi:'us Complex. Philadelphia: David McKay, 1950; The Nature
of the Self London: Allen Wingate, 1959; The Myth of the Chosen People.
London: Integration Publishing Co., 1953; and Mythology of the Prenatal
Life. London: Integration Publishing Co., 1960.
24. Yet I do not want to overlook my own debt to Mott for his courage
in fetal investiga-tion, particularly his clinical and mythological
interpretation of the placenta as a "twin" and a "blood-sucking
monster." The unavailability of Mott's writings is paralleled
by the unavailability of those of Dev Satya-Nand, whose prolific psychoanalytic
writings on fetal psychology (70 listings in one issue of Grinstein's
Psychoanalytic Index alone) are all in Indian journals unavailable
to me.
25. A good summary of Grof's work can be found in his "Perinatal
Roots of Wars, Totalitarianism and Revolutions: Observations from
LSD Research" Journal of Psychohistory 4(1977): 269-308; his
basic reference on birth is Realms of the Human Unconscious: Observations
from LSD Research. New York: Viking Press, 1975.
26. Leslie Feher, in her The Psychology of Birth. London: Souvenir
Press, 1980; New York: Continuum, 1981, goes beyond other rebirthers
by considering mental life before birth, although even she states
that "the first trauma is birth." Arthur Janov, The Feeling
Child. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973; John Rowan, Ed. The Un-divided
Selfi An Introduction to Primal Integration. London: Center for the
Whole Person, 1978.
27. Arnaldo y Matilde Rascovsky et al., Niveles Profundo del Psiquismo.
Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1971 and Arnaldo Rascovsky,
El Psiquismo FetaL Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidos, 1977
28. A partial list of ISSP member publications includes: M. Lietaert
Peerbolte, Psychic Energy in Prenatal Dynamics, Parapsychology, Peak-Experiences.
Wassenaar: Servere Publishers, 1975; M. Lietaert Pierbolte, De Foetale
Psyche. Inleiding tot de prenatale psychodynamika. Antwerpen, Soethoudt,
1979; Gustav Hans Graber,
320
Gesammelte Schriften. 4 Bde. Berlin: Pinel, 1975-79;
Gustav Hans Graber, Hrsg. In- ternationale Studiengemeinschaft fOr
Prttnatale Psychologie. Pranatale Psychologie. Munchen: Kindler Taschenbucher,
1974; Friedrich Kruse, Die Anfange des menschlichen Seelenlebens.
Stuttgart: Enke, 1969. More popular articles can be found in Friedrich
Kruse, "Nos Souvenirs du corp maternal" Psychologie, July,
1977, pp. 51-6 and Friedrich Kruse "Wann beginnt die Kindheit?"
Kindheit 1(1979): 5-27.
29. G. S. Daives, "Revolutions and Cyclical Rhythms in Prenatal
Life: Fetal Respiratory Movements Rediscovered." Pediatrics 51(1973):
965.
30. Robert II. Emde and Jean Robinson, "The First Two Months:
Recent Research in Developmental Psychobiology and the Changing View
of the Newborn" in S. Noshpitz, editor. Bask Handbook of Child
Psychiatry. Vol. I. New York: Basic Books, 1979, p.72.
30. Robert N. Emde and Jean Robinson, "The First Two Months:
Recent Research in Developmental Psychobiology and the Changing View
of the Newborn" in S. Noshpitz, editor. Bask Handbook of Child
Psychiatry. Vol. I. New York: Basic Books, 1979, p.72.
31. There are any number of fine books which explain fetal development
in lay terms, in-cluding Robert Rugh and Landrum B. Shettles, From
Conception to Birth: The Drama of Life's Beginnings. New York: Harper
and Row, 1971; Axel Ingelman-Sundberg and Claes Wirsen, A Child Is
Born. New York: Dell Publishing, 1965; and Linda F. Annes, The Child
Before Birth. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.
32. Rugh, From Conception to Birth, p.56; Robert M. Bradley and Charlotte
M. Mistret-ta, "Fetal Sensory Receptors" Physiological Reviews
55(1975): 358; Tryphena Hum-phrey, "Function of the Nervous System
During Prenatal Life" in Uwe Stave, editor, Physiology of the
Perinatal Period. Vol.2. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970,
pp.754-89.
33. Robert C. Goodlin, Care of the Fetus. New York: Masson Publishing,
1979, p.1.
34. Robert M. Bradley and Charlotte M. Mistretta, "The Sense
of Taste and Swallowing Activity in Foetal Sheep," in Foetal
and Neonatal Physiology. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 1973,
p.81.
35. 5. Bernard and L. Sontag, "Fetal Reactions to Sound"
Journal of Genetic Psychology 70(1947): 209-10; 5. C. Grimwade et
al., "Human Fetal Heartrate Change and Movement in Response to
Sound and Vibration" A merkan Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
109(1971): 86-90; D. K. Spelt, "The Conditioning of the Human
Fetus in Utero" Journal of Experimental Psychology 38(1948):
454-61. Similarly, another study showed fetuses were habituated to
loud noises after birth, sleeping soundly through aircraft takeoffs
that awakened other babies. See Robert Bradley, "Fetal Sensory
Receptors," p.358.
36. For instance, see Linda Annes, The Child Before Birth, pp.49 and
58; M. F. Ashley-Montagu, Life Before Birth. New York: New American
Library, 1964, p.207; L. Car-michael, "The Onset and Early Development
of Behavior" in L. Carmichael, editor, Manual of Child Psychology.
New York: Wiley, 1946, p.136; Phyllis Greenacre, "The Biological
Economy of Birth," p.41.
37. U. R. Langworthy, "Development of Behavior Patterns and Myelinization
of the Nervous System in the Human Fetus and Infant" Contributions
to Embryology, Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C. Vol. XXIV, No.139,
1933.
38. W. F. Windle, Physiology of the Fetus. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Co., 1940, p.
163; M. Bekoff and M. Fox "Postnatal Neural Ontogony" Developmental
Psychobiology 5(1972): 323-41.
39. Maggie Scarf, Body, Mind, Behavior. New York: Dell Publishing,
1976. pp.23-40; Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p.192.
40. A. W. Liley, "The Foetus as a Personality" Australian
and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 6(1972): 103.
321
41. A. B. Roberts, D. Griffen, R. Mooney, D. S. Cooper
and S. Campbell, '1FetalActivi-ty in 100 Normal Third Trimester Pregnancies"
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 87(1980): 480-4; Williamina
A. Himwick, "Physiology of the Neonatal Central Nervous System"
in Uwe Stave, editor, Physiology of the Perinatal Period. Vol.2. New
York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, pp.732-8.
42. L. 0. R. Van Dongen, Elizabeth 0. Goudie, "Fetal Movements
in the First Trimester of Pregnancy" British Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology 87(1980): 191-3.
43. Menachem Granat, Paretz Lavie, Daniela Adar, Mordechai Sharf,
"Short-Term Cycles in Human Fetal Activity. I. Normal Pregnancies."
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134(1979): 696-701.
44. Bibliographic references can be found in Christopher Norwood,
At Highest Risk: Environmental Hazards to Young and Unborn Children.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980 and Child at Risk: A Report of the Standing
Senate Committee on Health, Welfare and Science. Quebec: Canadian
Government Publishing Center, 1980.
45. The best survey on smoking by pregnant mothers is Peter A. Fried
and Harry Oxorn, Smoking for Two: Cigarettes and Pregnancy. New York:
Free Press, 1980; also see N. S. Berrill. The Person in the Womb.
New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1968; and L Thaler, J. D. S. Goodman,
and G. S. Daives, "Effects of Maternal Cigarette Smok-ing on
Fetal Breathing and Fetal Movements" American Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology 138(1980): 282-7.
46. Roger E. Stevenson, The Fetus and Newly Born Infant Influences
of the PrenatalEn-vironment 2nd Edition. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1977;
Child at Risk, pp.13-15.
47 Raymond D. Harbison, editor, Perinatal Addktion. New York: Spetrum
Publica-tions, 1975; D. H. Scott, "The Child's Hazards in Utero,"
in John G. Howells, editor, Modern Perspectives in International Child
Psychiatry. New York: Brunner Mazel, 1971, pp.19-60.
48. Child at Risk, pp. 10-12; L. W. Sontag, "Difference in Modifiability
of Fetal Behavior and Physiology" Psychosomatic Medicine 6(1944):
151-4; S.D. Lloyd-Still, editor. Malnutrician and Intellectual Development.
Littleton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, 1976; also see the various
publications of the Society for the Protec-tion of the Unborn Through
Nutrition.
49. Christopher Norwood, At Highest Risk, p.6.
50. Roger Stevenson, The Fetus and Newly Born Infant, p.3.
51. Lester W. Sontag, "Implications of Fetal Behavior and Environment
for Adult Per-sonalities" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
134(1965): 782-6; Melvin Zax, Arnold S. Sameroff, Haroutun M. Babigian,
"Birth Outcomes in the Offspring of Mentally Disordered Women"
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 47(1977): 218-30.
52. Abram Blau, et al., "The Psychogenic Etiology of Premature
Births" Psychosomatic Medicine 25(1963): 201-Il; Robert McDonald,
"The Role of Emotional Factors in Obstetric Complications: A
Review" Psychosomatic Medicine 30(1968): 222-36; Kay Standley,
Bradley Soule, Stuart A. Capans, "Dimensions of Prenatal Anxiety
and Their Influence on Pregnancy Outcome" American Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynecology 135(1979): 22-6; A. S. Ferreira, "The
Pregnant Woman's Emotional At-titude and Its Reflection on the Newborn"
Journal of Orthopsychiatry 30(1960); 553-61; E. K. Turner, "The
Syndrome in the Infant Resulting from Maternal Emo-tional Tension
During Pregnancy" Medical Journal of Australia 1(1956): 221-2.
53. Ernest M. Gruenberg, "On the Psychosomatics of the Not-So-Perfect
Fetal Parasite" in Stephen A. Richardson and Alan F. Guttmacher,
editors, Childbearing-Its Social and Psychologkal Aspects. New York:
Williams & Wilkins, 1967, p.54.
54. Elaine Grimm, "Psychological and Social Factors in Pregnancy,
Delivery, and Out-come" in Richardson and Guttmacher, eds., Childbearing,
p.2; Antonio S. Ferreira,
322
"Emotional Factors in Prenatal Environment: A
Review" Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 141(1965): 108-18.
55 Ronald E. Myers, "Maternal Psychological Stress and Fetal
Asphyxia: A Study in the Monkey" American Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology 122(1975): 47-59; Antonio J. Ferreira, Prenatal Environment.
Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1969; a splendid survey of the
literature on the many effects of laboratory stressing of preg-nant
animals can be found in Lorraine Roth Herrenkihl, "Prenatal Stress
Reduces Fertility and Fecundity in Female Offspring," paper read
at the 86th Annual Conven-tion of the American Psychological Association,
Toronto, Canada, August, 1978. Philadelphia: Temple University, 1978,
mimeographed.
56. Antonio Ferreira, Prenatal Environment, pp.133-6.
57. Lester Sontag, "Implications of Fetal Behavior and Environment
for Adult Per-sonalities" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
134(1965): 782-6.
58. Ibid., p.785.
59. D. H. Stott, "Follow-up Study from Birth of the Effects of
Prenatal Stress" Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 15(1973):
770-87; Lester Sontag, "The Significance of Fetal Environmental
Differences" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 42(1941):
996-1003; and several studies listed in Child at Risk, p.16.
60. Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p.10
61. Dennis H. Stott, testimony, in Senate of Canada: Standing Senate
Committee on Health, Welfare and Science. Third Session, Thirtieth
Parliament, 1977, "Childhood Experiences of Criminal Behavior,"
Issue No. I, Second Proceeding, Nov.24, 1977. However, for evidence
that emotional conflicts with the mother's major female com-panion
are more disturbing to the pregnancy, see Richard L. Cohen, "Maladaptions
to Pregnancy," Seminars in Perinatology 3(1979): 15-24.
62. Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p.193.
63. Ibid., p.93. Aborted fetuses can cry as early as 21 weeks old;
see Tryphina Humphrey, "Function of the Nervous System During
Prenatal Life" in Stave, Physiology of the Perinatal Period,
p.78.
64. Sepp Schindler, "The Dreaming Fetus," paper given at
the International Society for the Study of Prenatal Psychology Congress,
Bern, Switzerland, September 17, 1976.
65. For bibliographic surveys of the "Mt. Everest in utero"
debate, see Giacomo Meschia "Evolution of Thinking in Fetal Respiratory
Physiology" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 132(1978):
806-10; Andrt B. Hellegers, "Placental Ex-change of Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide" in H. M. Carey, editor, Modern Trends in Human
Reproductive Physiology. London: Butterworths, 1963; Donald H. Barron,
"The Environment in Which the Fetus Lives: Lessons Learned Since
Barcroft" in Joseph Barcroft, editor, Researches in Prenatal
Life. Springfield, Ill., Thomas, 1947.
66. Giacomo Meschia, "Evolution of Thinking," p. 807; Heinz
Bartels. Prenatal Respiration. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1970,
p.47; Lubor Jilek et al., "Characteristic Metabolic and Functional
Responses to Oxygen Deficiency in the Central Nervous System"
in Uwe Stave, editor, Physiology ofthePerinatalperiod, p. 987.
67. Heinz Bartels, Prenatal Respiration, p.123.
68. T. Weber and N.J. Secher, "Transcutaneous Fetal Oxygen Tension
and Fetal Heart Rate Pattern Preceding Fetal Death-A Case Report"
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 87(1980): 165-8.
69. Giacomo Meschia, "Evolution of Thinking," p.810.
70. C. A. M. Jansen et al., "Continuous Variability of Fetal
P02 in the Chronically Catheterized Fetal Sheep" American Journal
of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134(1979): 776-83.
71. Joseph Barcroft, Researches in Pre-Natal Life. Vol I. Springfield,
111.: Charles Thomas, 1947, pp.209 and 252.
323
72. Erich Saling, Foetal and Neonatal Hypoxia in Relation
to Clinical Obstetric Practice.
London: Edward Arnold, 1968; also see E. Stewart Taylor, Beck's Obstetrical
Prac-tice and Fetal Medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co.,
1976, p.57.
73. Lubor Jilek et al., "Characteristic Metabolic and Functional
Responses," p.1043.
74. Peter Boylan and Peth J. Lewis, "Fetal Breathing in Labor"
Obstetrks and Gynecology 56(1980): 35-8; Peter Lewis, Peter Boylan,
"Fetal Breathing: A Review" American Journal of Obstetrks
and Gynecology 134(1979): 587-98; Hisayo 0. Morishima et al., "Reduced
Uterine Blood Flow and Fetal Hypoxemia With Acute Maternal Stress:
Experimental Observation in the Pregnant Baboon" American Jour-nal
of Obstetrics end Gynecology 134(1979): 270-5; Carl Wood, Adrian Walker
and Robert Yardley, "Acceleration of the Fetal Heart Rate"
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134(1979): 523-7; Robert
Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p. 193.
75. See the bibliographic references in Child at Risk, pp.20-i; Norman
L. Corah et al., "Effects of Perinatal Anoxia After Seven Years"
Psychologkal Monographs: General and Applied, No.596; 79(4)(1965):
1-34; Ira S. Wile and Rone Davis, "The Relation of Birth to Behavior"
American Journal of Orthopsychiatric 11(1941): 320-4; Annemargret
Osterkamp and David J. Sands, "Early Feeding and Birth Dif-ficulties
in Childhood Schizophrenia: A Brief Study" Journal of Genetk
Psychology 101(1962): 363-6; New York Times, April 10, 1975, p.48;
M. Shearer, "Fetal Monitoring: Do the Benefits Outweight the
Drawbacks?" Birth and Family Journal 1(1973-4): 12-18.
76. Jacques Gillemeau, Child-birth or, The delivery of Women. London:
A. Hatfield,
1612; Lisbeth Burger, Memoirs of a Midwife (1880). New York: Vanguard
Press, 1934; A. J. Rongy, Chddbirth: Yesterday and Today. The Story
of Childbirth Through the Ages, to the Present. New York: Emerson
Books, 1937, p.35; Jean Don-nison, Midwives and Medical Men: A History
of Jnter-Professional Rivalries and Women's Rights. New York: Schocken
Books, 1977, pp.11 and 31; Ian Young, The Private Life of Islam. London:
Butler and Tanner, 1974; Palmer Finley, Priests of Lucina: The Story
of Obstetrics. Boston: Little, Brown, 1939, p. 114; James H. Avel-mg,
English Midwives: Their History and Prospects. London: Hugh K. Elliott,
1967, pp. 13 and 38; Hermann H. Ploss, Max Bartels and Paul Bartels.
Woman: An Historical, Gynaecological and Anthropologkal Compendium.
Vol. II. London: William Heinemann, 1935, pp.714-58.
77. Denys E. R. Kelsey, "Fantasies of Birth and Prenatal Experiences
Recovered From Patients Undergoing Hypnoanalysis" Journal of
Mental Science 99(1953): 216-23; Marilyn Ferguson, "Using Altered
States of Conscious to Improve Recall" Quest 1(1977): 123; T.
R; Verney, "The Psychic Life of the Unborn," paper given
at the Fifth World Congress of Psycho-Somatic Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Rome.
78. A thoughtful attack on assumptions about the "undifferentiated"
newborn can be seen in Emanuel Peterfreund, "Some Critical Comments
on Psychoanalytic Concep-tions of Infancy" International Journal
of Psycho-Analysis 59(1978): 42740.
79. CBS-TV, "The Miracle Months," March 16, 1977, 8:00 P.M.
EST.
80. James Grotstein, Splitting and Projective Identification. New
York: Jason Aronson, 1981.
81. Phyllis Greenacre, "The Influence of Infantile Trauma on
Genetic Patterns," in S. Furst, editor, Psychic Trauma. New York:
Basic Books, 1967; also see H. 'crystal, edhor, Massive Psychic Trauma.
New York: International Universities Press, 1968. A fine theoretical
summary and bibliographic guide to the question of trauma and the
repetition compulsion can be found in Jonathan Cohen, "Structural
Consequences of Psychic Trauma: A New Look at 'Beyond the Pleasure
Principle.' " International Journal of Psycho-A nalysis 61(1980):
421-32.
324
82. Sigmund Freud, "The Ego and the Id"
Standard Edition 19(1923), p.40; Michael Balint, The Basic Fault Therapeutic
Aspects of Regression. London: Tavistock Publications, 1968.
83. See Vamik D. Volkan, Primitive Internalized Object Relations.
New York: Interna-tional Universities Press, 1976.
84. Lester Little, "Spider Phobias." Psychoanalytic Quarterly
36(1967): 51-60.
85. Wilfred Bion, Experiences in Groups. New York: Basic Books, 1959,
p.142.
86. Rudolf Otto, The Idea of the Holy. London, 1923; Mircea Eliade,
The Sacred& The Profane The Nature of Religions. New York: Harcourt,
Brace Jovanovich, 1959.
87. Ibid., p. Sa; Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion. New York:
Sheed and Ward,
1958, p.231.
88. Mircea Eliade, "Methodological Remarks on the Study of Religious
Symbolism" in Eliade and J. M. Kitagawa, editors, The History
of Religions: Essays in Methodology. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1959, p.93.
89. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstacy. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1964, p.272.
90. Eliade, Sacred & Profane, p.33; smearing the sacrificial pole
with human blood can be found in Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols
of Inhiation: The Mysteries of Birth and Rebirth. New York: Harper
& Row, 1958, p.S, and bleeding sacred trees in James G. Frazer,
The Golden Bough (1)100.
91. Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return: or, Cosmos and
History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954, pp.12-17.
92. Eliade, Sacred & Profane, p.44
93. Robert Briffault, The Mothers. New York: Grosset & Dunlap,
1963, p.306; Douglas Hill, "Serpent," in Richard Cavendish,
editor, Man, Myth and Magic. Volume 18. New York: Marshall Cavendish,
1970, p.2528; a splendid survey of the literature of serpents can
be found in Kenneth A. Adams, Family and Fantasy: Dread of the Female
and the Narcissistic Ethos in Amerkan Culture, doctoral dissertation,
Brandeis University, 1980.
94. Frances Huxley, The Dragon: Nature of Spirit, Spirit of Nature.
New York: Collier Books, 1979; Eliade, Sacred & Profane, p.48.
95. Eliade, Myth of the Eternal Return, p.101.
96. The concept of the 'sacrificial crisis" is brilliantly detailed
in Rene Girard, Violence and the Sacred. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1977
97. See Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts
of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966;
Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, p.14.
98. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger, p.96.
99. Eliade, Sacred & Profane, p.79.
100. Many are from Stefen Lorant, Sieg Hed! An Illustrated History
of Germany from Bismarck to Hitler New York: W. W. Norton, 1974.
101. See Eliade, Shamanism, pp.487-94; Eliade, The Two and the One.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965, pp.160-88; Kenneth Adams,
Family andFantasy, p.373-S.
102. Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, pp.2140.
103. Adam Macfarlane, The Psychology of Childbirth. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1977, p.9.
104. Eliade, Myth of the Eternal Return, pp.29-39.
105. Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss, Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964, p.21.
106. Ibid., p.33.
107. Evidence for the psychogenic theory of the evolution of parent-child
relations can be found in deMause, editor, The History of Childhood.
New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974; Glenn Davis, Childhood and History
in America. New York:
325
Psychohistory Press, 1976; deMause, "The Psychogenic
Theory of History," Journal of Psychohistory 4(1977): 253-67;
and over 30 articles by deMause and others on childhood in the History
of Childhood Quarterly (changed in 1976 to The Journal of Psychohistory.)
Evidence for the psychogenic theory as applied to primitive childrear-ing
is contained in an unpublished study by deMause on "Primitive
Childrearing in Evolutionary Perspective," some of the details
on which will appear in his forthcom-ing A Psychohistory of the West.
108. Alexander Marshack, The Roots of Civilization: The Cognitive
Beginnings of Man's First Art, Symbol andNotation. New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1972; An-dre' Leroi-Gourhaa, Treasures ofPrehistoric
Art New York: Harry N. Abrams, n.d.; for a psychohistorical discussion
of these two works, see Robert S. McCully, "Archetypal Psychology
as a Key for Understanding Prehistoric Art Forms" History of
Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory 3(1976): 523-42.
109. Marshack, Roots of Civilization, p.28.
110. Ibid., p.49.
111. Ibid., p.283.
112. The conclusions of anthropologists like Whiting, Child, Bacon
and others that hunting groups have a wide range of child-rearing
modes from poor to good are-un-fortunately in my opinion (see footnote
107)-based on wholly inadequate an-thropological field evidence. We
started The Journal of Psychological Anthropology precisely to counter
this condition and to give psychoanalytically - trained anthropologists
a chance to restudy these groups. Whatever reliable evidence does
exist, however, confirms the infanticidal basis of their parenting,
and the mistake of previous anthropologists of labeling neglect "permissiveness"
and symbiotic clinging "warmth."
113. GSa ROheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: Childhood"
The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 2(1962): 200.
114. GSa Roheim ,Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality
and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950,
p.62.
115. Ibid., pp.63 and 60.
116. Arthur F. Hippler, "A Culture and Personality Perspective
of Northeastern Arnhem Land: Part I-Early Socialization." Journal
of Psychological Anthropology l(1978):22144.
117. For references to studies embodying all these definitions of
"primitive," see Robert N. Bellah, "Religious evolution"
in William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt, Reader in Comparative Religion.
New York: Harper and Row, 1965, pp.76-8; also see GSa ROheim, The
Gates of the Dream. New York: International Universities Press, 1952.
118. Australian ritual is best described in GSa R6heim, "The
Western Tribes of Central Australia: The Alknarintja." The Psychoanalytic
Study of Society 3(1964): 173-96; GSa ROheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology;
GSa Roheim, Children of the Desert The Western Tribes of Central Australia.
Vol. I. New York: Basic Books, 1974; GSa R6heim, The Eternal Ones
of the Dream: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation ofAustralian Myth and
RituaL New York: International Universities Press, 1945. It might
be noted that the actual placenta is noisy, and the main sound the
fetus hears in the womb is the surging of blood through the placenta-thus
it is appropriate that the placental bull-roarer be noisy.
119. Janice Delaney, Mary Jane Lipton, and Emily Toth, The Curse:
A Cultural History of Menstruation. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.,
1976, p.S; also see William N. Stephens, A Cross-Cultural Study of
Menstrual Taboos, Provincetown, Mass.: Genetic Psychology Mongraphs,
1961. Primitive women often drink menstrual blood in their initiation
rituals, thus proving its placental rather than "castration anxiety"
orgins; see Marla N. Powers, "Menstruation and Reproduction:
An Oglala Case." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
6(1980): 61.
326
120. Johannes Maringer, The Gods ofPrehistoric Man.
London: Weidenfield & Nicolson,
1956, pp.212 and 60.
121. Marshack, Roots of Civilization, pp.297, 319.
122. Henri V. Vallois, "The Social Life of Early Man: The Evidence
of Skeletons," in Sherwood L. Washburn, editor, Social Life of
Early Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961, p.225.
123. Maringer, Gods of Prehistoric Man, pp.10-19.
124. McCully, "Archtypal Psychology as a Key for Understanding
Prehistoric Art Forms," p, 528-9.
125. Ibid., p.542.
126. Marshack, The Roots of Civilization, p.277.
127. Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art, pp. 145-6,173.
128. Melanie Klein, Narrative of a Child Analysis: The Conduct of
the Pscho-Analysis of Children As Seen in the Treatment of a Ten-Year-Old
Boy. New York: Delta, 1975, pp.66-79. Klein correctly interpreted
the scene of the battle as the mother's womb, but couldn't figure
out what red "octopus" drawings were, so called them the
"father's penis."
129. Rhoda Kellogg, Analyzing Children's Art Palo Alto: National Press
Books, n.d.
130. Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art, p.144.
131. Ibid., p.181.
132. John E. Pfeiffer, The Emergence of Man. New York: Harper &
Row, 1969, p.366.
133. Kent V. Flannery, "Origins and Ecological Effects of Early
Domestication in Iran and the Near East," in Peter J. Ucko and
G. W. Dimbleby, editors, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants
and Animals. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1969, p.75.
134. Richard B. Lee, "What Hunters Do For a Living, or, How to
Make Out on Scarce Resources," in Richard Lee and Irven DeVore,
edhors, Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1968, p.33.
135. Ivan Paulson, "The Animal Guardian: A Critical and Synthetic
Review" History of Religions 3(1963): 202-19; Mircea Eliade,
A History of Religious Ideas. Volume I: From the Stone Age to the
Eleusinian Mysteries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978,
p. 8. The reference to "Kill the Beast" is, of course, from
William Golding's insightful novel, Lord of the Files.
136. Alberto Blanc, "Some Evidence for the Ideologies of Early
Man" in Sherwood L. Ashburn, editor, Social Life of Early Man.
Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1961, pp.126-34; E.G. James, Prehistoric
Religion. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1957, pp. 19-21; Joshua A.
Hoffs, "Anthropophagy (Cannibalism): Its Relation to the Oral
Stage of Development" Psychoanalytic Review 50(1963): 29-49;
Garry Hogg, Can-nibalism and Human Sacnfice. New York: Citadel Press,
1966; Eli Sagan, Can-nibalism: Human Aggression and Cultural Form.
New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
137. Nigel Davies, Human Sacrifice, pp.31-3.
138. Maringer, The Gods of Prehistoric Man, pp.33-9.
139. Gerald A. Zegwaard, "Headhunting Practices of the Asmat
of Netherlands New Guinea," American Anthropologist 61(1959):
1021-41.
140. For literature on placental practices, see James George Frazer,
The Golden Bough. Volume I, Part I: The Magic Art and the Evolution
of Kings. London: MacMillan, 1951, pp.182-200; M. E. Crawly, The Mystic
Rose. London, 1902, p.119; Harold Speert, Iconographia Gyniatrica:
A Pictorial History of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Philadelphia: F.
A. Davis, 1973, pp.190, 251; William B. Ober, "Notes on Placen-tophagy"
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2nd ser., 55(1979):
591-9; Geza ROheim, "The Thread of Life" Psychoanalytic
Quarterly 17(1948): 471-86; Ger-trude Jobes, Dictionary of Mythology,
Folklore and Symbols, VoL 2. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1961, p. 1277;
Robert Briffault, The Mothers: A Study of the
327
Origins of Sentiments and Institutions. VoL Ii London:
George Allen & Unwin, 1927, p.590; G. Elliott Smith, Human History.
London: Jonathan Cape, 1934, p. 341; Ralph Linton, The Tree of Culture.
New York: Alfred Knopf, 1959, p. 461; Karen Janszen, "Meat of
Life," Science Digest, November/December, 1980, pp. 78-81, 122.
141 John Roscoe, The Baganda: An Account of their Native Customs and
Beliefs. 2nd Edition. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966; John Roscoe,
"Further Notes on the Man-ners and Customs of the Baganda"
Journal of the [RoyaL' Anthropological Institute 32: 25-80; Tor Irstam,
The Kings of Ganda: Studies in the Institution of Sacral Kingship
in Africh. Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press, 1970.
142. R6heim, Eternal Ones of the Dream, pp.14, 196.
143. Mara N. Powers, "Menstruation and Reproduction: An Oglala
Case," p.59.
144. R6heim, Eternal Ones of the Dream, p.239.
145. Knud Rasmussen, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition, 1921-24,
Vol. VI, No. I, In-tellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos. Copenhagen:
Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, 1929, pp.124-8.
146. Frances L. K. Hsu, Psychologkal Anthropology: Approaches to Culture
and Personality. Homewood, Ill.: The Dorsey Press, 1961, p.387.
147. Robert F. Harper, trans., The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon
About 2250 B.C. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904, p.73;
George H. Payne, The Child in Human Progress. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1916, p.101; Christopher J. Lucas, "The Scribe Tablet-House
in Ancient Mesopotamia" History of Education Quarterly 19(1979):
305-32.
148. Adolf Erman, The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. London:
Methuen & Co.,
1927, p.189; Albrecht Peiper, Chronik der Kinderheilkunde. Leipzig:
Veb George Thieme, 1966, p.17.
149. See references to footnote 107.
150. Abt-Garrison, History of Pediatrics. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders,
1965, p.29; Payne, Child in Human Progress, pp.150-60; E. Wellisch,
Issac and Oedipus. Lon-don: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954, p.13.
151. Luis Pericot, "The Social Life of Spanish Paleolithic Hunters
as Shown by Levantine Art" in Sherwood Washburn, editor, Social
Life of Early Man. Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1961, pp. 194-213;
Miles Burkett, The Old Stone Age. New York: Atheneum, 1963, p.231;
Luis Pericot-Garcia, John Galloway, Andreas Lommel, Prehistoric and
Primitive Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1969, pp.81-97.
152. Lewis R. Binford, "Methodological Considerations of the
Archeological Use of Ethnographic Data" in Richard Lee and Irben
DeVore, editors, Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1968,
p.272; R. DeVaux, Palestine During the Neolithic and Chalcolithic
Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966, pp.4-14. That
the Mesolithic showed an increase in invention and a decrease of big-game
hunting which was not dependent on environmental change is proved
in Lewis R. Binford, "Post-Pleistocene Adaptations" in Stuart
Struever, editor, Prehistoric Agriculture. Garden City, N.Y.: Natural
History Press, 1971, pp.27-33.
153. J.G. Hawks, "The Ecological Background of Plant Domestication"
in Peter J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby, editors, The Domestication and
Exploitation of Plants and Animais. Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1969,
p.19; Gene Bylinsky, "The Beginnings of Civilized Man,"
Fortune, October, 1966, pp.159-236.
154. Melanie Klein, Contributions to Psycho-Analysis: 1921-1945. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, p.259.
155. Charles A. Reed, "The Pattern of Animal Domestication in
the Prehistoric Near East," in Peter 3. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby,
editors, The Domestication and Ex-ploitation of Plants and Animals.
Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1969, p.373;
328
Erich Isaac, "On the Domestication of Cattle,"
in Stuart Struever, editor, Prehistoric Agriculture. Garden City,
N.Y.: National History Press, 1971, p.459-61.
156. James L. Peacock and A. Thomas Kirsch. The Human Direction: An
Evolutionary Approach to Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, pp.156-9.
157. See Eli Sagan, The Lust to Annihilate: A Psychoanalytic Study
of Violence in Ancient Greek Culture. New York: Psychohistory Press,
1979; Eli Sagan, Double-sided, Double-tounged, Self-contradictory
and A ntagonistic: The Origins of Civilization, Tyranny, and the State,
book-length manuscript, 1981.
158. Joseph Ca*ipbell, The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology. New
York: Viking Press, 1964, p.79; the fetal battle is admirably summed
up in Joseph Fontenrose, Python: A Study of Deiphic Myth and Its Origin.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959.
159. Campbell, Masks of God, p.81.
160. Sidney Halper, "The Mother-Killer." Psychoanalytic
Review 52(1965): 73.
161. Eliade, History of Reilgious Ideas, p.39.
162. James Mellaart, Catal Hilytik: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia.
London: Thames and Hudson, 1967, p. 54. Thus Freud was symbolically
right anyway in his mut= mother =vulture equation; see also Noel Bradley,
"The Vulture as Mother Symbol: A Note on Freud's Leonardo"
American Imago 22(1965): 47-56.
163. For psychoanalytic discussions, see Edith Weigert-Vowinkel, "The
Cult and Mythology of the Magna Mater from the Standpoint of Psychoanalysis"
Psychiatry 1(1938): 353-76; and Wolfgang Lederer, The Fear of Women.
New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968. The writings of Jung and
his followers are less useful to the psychohistorian, since the assumptions
of "inheritance of archetypes" and "collective unconscious"
are ultimately mystical.
164. Royden K. Yerkes, Sacrifice in Greek and Roman Religions and
Early Judaism. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1952, p.50.
165.5. Angus, The Mystery-Religions and Christianity. New York: Charles
Scribners, 1925, p.113.
166. Nigel Davies, Human Sacnfice: In History and Today. New York:
William Morrow, 1981, pp.37-65.
167. Eugene Halpert, "Death, Dogs and Anubis" International
Review of Psych~ Analysis 7(1980): 392; E. A. Budge, The Book of the
Dead. New York: Bell Publishing, 1960, p.240; Richard Reichbart, "Heart
Symbolism: The Heari - Breast and Heart - Penis Equations" Psychoanalytic
Review 68(1981): 94.
168. C. G. Seligmann and Margaret A. Murray, "Notes Upon an Iltarly
Egyptian Standard" Man 11(1911): 165-71; G. Elliott Smith, Human
History. London: Jonathan Cape, 1934, p.331; Frazer, Golden Bough:
Taboo and the Perils of the SouL VoL 2, p.68; Ange-Pierre Leca, The
Egyptian Way of Death: Mummies and the Cult of the Immortal. New York:
Doubleday, 1981.
169. Aylward Blackman, "Some Remarks on an Emblem Upon the Head
of an Ancient Egyptian Birth-Goddess," Journal of Egyptian Archeology
3(1916): 199~206; Aylward Blackman "The Pharoah's Placenta and
the Moon-Goadess 'chons," Jour-nal of Egyptian Archeology 3(1911):
23549; Otto Rank, The Double: A Psychoanalytic Study. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1971; Graf-ton Elliot Smith, The
Evolution of the Dragon. Manchester: Manchester University Press,
1919, p.45.
170. Whitney Smith, Flags Throughout The Ages and Across The World.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975; M. Oldfield Howey, The Encircled Serpent
A Study of Serpent Symbolism in All Countries and Agei Philadelphia:
David McKay, n.d., pp.97-9.
171. Smith, Human History, p.343.
329
172. Clyde E. Keely, Secrets of the Cuna Earthmother:
A Comparative Study ofAncient Religions. New York: Exposition Press,
1960; Clyde E. Keeler, Apples oflmmortality from the Cuna Tree of
Life: The Study of a Most Ancient Ceremonial and a Belief that Survived
10,000 Years. New York: Exposition Press, 1961; Henri Frankfort, Kingship
and the Gods: A Study ofAncient Near Eastern Religion As the Integration
of Society and Nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978,
p.218.
173. A. A. Barb, "Diva Matrix" Journal of the Warburg and
Courtauld Institutes 16: 201; James Clark Moloney, "Oedipus Rex,
Cu Chulain, Khepri and the Ass" Psychoanalytic Review 54(1967):
201-47.
174. Wolfgang Lederer, "Oedipus and the Serpent" Psychoanalytic
Quarterly 51(1964): 61944; James Clark Maloney, "The Origin of
the Rejected and Crippled Hero Myths" American Imago 16(1959):
271-328; Alfred Plaut, "Historical and Cultural Aspects of the
Uterus" Annals of the New York Academy of Science 75(1959): 389A1
1; George Widengren, The King and the Tree of Life in Ancient Near
Eastern Religion. Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift 1951:4.
175. Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods, pp.70-3.
176. Ibid., pp.91-2.
177. Ibid., pp.107-S.
178. Ibid., p.256.
179. Weston La Barre, They Shall Take Up Serpents: The Psychology
of the Southern Snake-Handling Cult. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1962.
180. Robert Briffaul, The Mothers, New York: Macmillan, 1959; Theodore
Reik, Mystery on the Mountain: The Drama of the Sinai Revelation.
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959; Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess.
New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1967; Wolfgang Lederer, "Oedipus
and the Serpent" Psychoanalytic Review 5(1965):
61944; Andrew Peto, "The Demonic Mother Imago in the Jewish Religion,"
Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences 5(1958): ~80-7; Andrew Peto,
"The Development of Ethical Monotheism" Psychoanalytic Study
of Society 1(1960): 311-75; GSa R6heim, "Some Aspects of Semetic
Monotheism" Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences 4(1965): 169-225;
Dorothy Zeligs, "The Role of the Mother in the Development of
Hebraic Monotheism" Psychoanalytic Study of Society 1(1960):
287-310.
181 Dionysius of Halicarnaussus, Roman Antiquities. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1937, p.355; A Cameron, "The Exposure
of Children and Greek Ethics" Classical Review 46(1932): 105-13;
George H. Payne, The Child in Human Progress. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1916, p.9.
182. Cited in Arnold Toynbee, editor, The Crucible of Christianity:
Judaism, Hellenism and the Historkal Background to the Christian Faith.
New York: World Publishing, 1967, p.296.
183. Robert D. Stolorow, "The Narcissistic Function of Masochism
(and Sadism)" Inter-national Journal of Psycho-Analysis 56(1975):
443.
184. Peter Brown, "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late
Antiquity" Journal of Roman Studies 61(1971): 80-101.
185. Jonathan Z. Smith, "Birth Upside Down or Right Side Up?"
History of Religions 9(1970): 288.
186. Hippolytus, "The Refutation of All Heresies," in Alexander
Roberts and James Donaldson, editors, The Ante-Nicene Fathers, VoL
V. New York: Charles Scribaer's Sons, 1925, p.77
187. Cited in Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion. New
York: New American Library, 1958, p.197.
188. Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation. New York: Harper
& Row, 1958, p. 120.
330
189. Wendell C. Beane and William G. Doty, editors,
Myths, Rites & Symbois-A Mircea Eliade Reader. VoL 2. New York:
Harper, 1976, p.44.
190. Jacques Rossiaud, "Prostitutions, Youth and Society in the
Towns of Southeastern France in the Fifteenth Century" in Robert
Forster and Orest Ranum, editors, De-viants and the Abandoned in French
Society; Sectictionsfrom the Anals: Economies, Soci6tts, Civilisations.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1978, p.6
191. See Judith D. Neaman, "Disorder in the Mind of the Middle
Ages" Book Forum
5(1980):251-8.
192. Jbid., p.251.
193. Ibid., p.215.
194. Janice Delaney, The Curse, p.39.
195. See William Saffady, "Fears of Sexual License During the
English Reformation." History of Childhood Quarterly 1(1973):89-97
196. Norman Cohn, Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the
Great Witch-Hunt. New York: Basic Books, 1975, p.228.
197. H. R. Trevor-Roper, The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteenth
and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essayi New York: Harper &
Row, 1969.
198. An outline of the concept can be found in Hanna Segal, Klein.
London: Fon-tana/Collins, 1979, pp.78-90.
199. See Nigel Dennick, The Ancient Science of Geomancy: Man in Harmony
With the Earth. London: Thams and Hudson, 1979, pp.45-9.
200. See Allison Coudert, Alchemy: The Philosopher's Stone. London:
Wildwood House, 1980, pp.52, 116, 124.
201. For a discussion of Fortescue, see Eric Voegelin, The New Science
of Politics: An In-troduction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1952, pp.42-S.
202. This is true of all of America's major wars. The two that started
soonest after the beginning of the new presidency were minor wars:
the Mexican and the Spanish-American; both started 14 months after
the elections of Polk and McKinley. Note that even though the Civil
War officially began immediately after the election of Lincoln, in
fact it was his election (as war leader) that confirmed the war, which
was the solu-tion to the unresolved "collapse" phase of
the previous administration.
203. Cited in John Lukacs, The Last European War: September 1939-December
1941. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, 1976, p.45. My thanks to
David Beisel for this reference.
204. In Lloyd deMause and Henry Ebel, editors, Jimmy Caner and American
Fantasy. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1977; these were further elaborated
in my "Historical Group-Fantasies" Journal of Psychohistory
7(1979): SO~.
205. Washington Star, January 18, 1978.
206. Philip Nobile, "Talk With a Psychc}~Historian," Parade,
November 10, 1977.
207. Kirkus Service, October 1, 1977
208. Harriet Van Home, New York Post, September 12, 1977
209. Allan L. Otten, Wall Street Journal, November 10, 1977.
210. Publishers Weekly, October 3, 1977
211. James A. Wechsler, "The Fantasy World of 'Psycholsistory,'
"New York Post, October 21, 1977, p.31.
212. Bill Shipp, "Jimmy Carter and the Psychobabblers,"
Atlanta Constitution, October 5, 1977
213. Lloyd S. Etheredge, "Perspective and Evidence la Understanding
Jimmy Carter," Psychohistory Review 6(1978): 54.
214. Patricia O'Toole, "Embattled Over Cho," Human Behavior
July, 1978, p.64.
215. Ibid.
216. Ibid.
217. "History's SO-minute Hour" Newsweek, April 18, 1977,
p.96.
331
218. Kenneth S. Lynn, The Chronicle of Higher Education,
January 16,1978, p.48.
219. "History's 50-minute Hour," Newsweek, April 18, 1977,
p.100.
220. Letter to Lloyd deMause from Jeanne N. Knutson, Ph.D., Executive
Secretary, International Society of Political Psychology, dated January
10, 1977.
221. Letter to Lloyd deMause from Glenn Davis, dated February 25,1980.
222. Personal communication to Lloyd deMause from David Beisel.
223. Ibid.
224. Kenneth S. Lynn, The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 16,1978,
p.48.
225. W. R. Bion, Experience in Groups, and Other Papers. New York:
Ballantine Books, 1974, p.87.
226. Gerhard Bliersbach, "Der Straus in Uns" Psychologie
Heute, March, 1980.
227. Lloyd deMause, "Historical Group-Fantasies" Journal
of Psychohistory 7(1979): 50-6.
228. Time, April 30,1979, p.10; New York Times, May 2, 1979, p. A27;
TRB, New Republic, February 17, 1979, p.37 and March, 1980, p.3; New
York Times, August 7, 1979, p. AlS.
229. John Osborn, New Republic, August 4, 1979, p.13.
230. James Wechsler, New York Post, February 22, 1979, p.23; Max Lerner,
New York Post, February 12, 1979.
231. Village Voice, March26, 1979, p.1.
232. New York Times, September 2, 1979, p. ElS; Us, July, 1979; New
York Post, July23, 1979, p.1.
233. Time, July 30, 1979, p.22.
234. New York Times, July 27, 1979, p.17.
235. Newsweek, June 11,1979, p.71
236. New York Times, September 6, 1979, p.1.
237. See Michael Ledeen and William Lewis, Debacle: The American Failure
in Iran. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.
238. Ibid., p.189.
239. Ibid., p.221.
240. Terence Smith, "Why Carter Admitted the Shah," New
York Times Magazine, May 28,1981, p.37.
241. Document reportedly obtained by Rep. George Hansen; see New York
Post, November 28,1979, p.2.
242. Terence Smith, "Why Carter Admitted the Shah," p.44.
243. See my analysis of presidential personalities in Jimmy Carter
and American Fantasy, pp.22-8.
244. Terence Smith, "Why Carter Admitted the Shah," p.46;
see also Roy Childs, Jr., "The Iranian Drama," The Libertarian
Review, February, 1980, p.29; New York Post, December 6,1979, p.3;
Time, November 26, 1979, p.37; see also the Shah's doctor's libel
suit settlement, New York Times, May 26, 1981, p. C2.
245. Bernard Gwertzman, New York Times, November 18, 1979, p. I.
246. Newsweek, November 19, 1979, p.68.
247. Terence Smith, "Why Carter Admitted the Shah," p.44.
248. New Yorker, December 24,1979, p.27
249. New York Post, November 9, 1979, p.2, November 12, 1979, p.3
and December 4, 1979, p.3.
250. James Bradey, New York Post, December 17, 1979, p.26.
251. See analysis of David Bendor, New York Times, February 3, 1980,
p.10.
252. New Republic, February 16, 1980, p.10.
253. TRB, New Republic, January 5, 1980, p.3.
254. New York Post, December 15, 1979, p.7.
332
255. New York Post, January 10, 1980, p.1.
256. Terence Smith, "Putting the Hostages' Lives First,"
New York Times Magazine, May 24, 1981, pp.81 and 92.
257. Nat Hentoff, Village Voice, February 25,1980, p.16.
258. New York Times, February 3, 1980, p. 20E; Time, February 4, 1980,
p.12; Mary McGrory, New York Post, February 15, 1980, p.29.
259. New York Times, May 15, 1980, pp.1 and 34.
260. Terence Smith, "Putting the Hostages' Lives First,"
p.96; Drew Middleton, "Going the Military Route," New York
Times Magazine, May 24, 1981, pp.103-12.
261. Ibid, p.103
262. Barbara Walters Show, ABC, June 10, 1980.
263. Russell Baker, New York Times, May 3, 1980, p.23
264. Mary McGrory, New York Post, November 8, 1980, p.9.
265. Time, November 5, 1980, p.10.
266. Tom Wolfe, "Let's Have a Call To Arms," New York Post,
January13, 1981, p.33.
267. New York Times, July 16, 1980, p. AIO.
268. See Mircea Eliade's essay on "The Regeneration of Time"
in his The Myth of the Eternal Return, or, Cosmos and History. New
York: Princeton University Press, 1974, pp.51-92.
269. Independent TV News, January 30, 1981, 10:30 P.M.
270. ABC-TV News, January t8, 1981, 11:30P.M.
271. Hostage's mother, on NBC-TV news, January 18, 1981, 11:00 P.M.
272. Time, February 9, 1981, p.15.
273. New York Times, November 20, 1980, p. A34; Washington Post, February
27, 1981, p.1.
274. Flora Lewis, New York Times, March 9, 1981, p. Mi.
275 Newsweek, February 16, 1981, cover; Herbiock cartoons in Washington
Post, February 27, 1981 and March 26, 1981.
276. Sen. Howard Metzenbaum, New York Times, March 13, 1981, p.1;
Rep. Mario Biaggi, New York Times, June 7, 1981, p.22.
277. Wall Street Journal, February 11, 1981, p.29.
278. Newsweek, February 16, 1981, p.18; Lester Thurow, "How to
Wreck the Fconomy," New York Review of Books, May 14, 1981, p.3.
279. "Transcript of President's Commencement Address" New
York Times, May 28, 1981, p. D20.
280. Peter Martin, "Coming to Terms with Vietnam" Harper's,
December, 1980, p.41.
281. Tad Szulc, "The New Brinkmanship," New Republic, November
8, 1980, p.18.
282. Covers of Time and Newsweek, March 23, 1981, New Republic and
U.S. News, March 30, 1981. I am indebted to Cyril Cohen for the U.S.
News reference.'
283. New York Post, April 1, 1981, p.4; Kansas City Star, April 19,
1981, p. 33A.
by: Lloyd deMause
The Institute for Psychohistory
140 Riverside Drive, NY NY 10024
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